S100B Protein, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Human Milk

Abstract

BackgroundHuman milk contains a wide variety of nutrients that contribute to the fulfillment of its functions, which include the regulation of newborn development. However, few studies have investigated the concentrations of S100B protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in human milk. The associations of the concentrations of S100B protein, BDNF, and GDNF with maternal factors are not well explored.Methodology/Principal FindingsTo investigate the concentrations of S100B protein, BDNF, and GDNF in human milk and characterize the maternal factors associated with their levels in human milk, human milk samples were collected at days 3, 10, 30, and 90 after parturition. Levels of S100B protein, BDNF, and GDNF, and their mRNAs in the samples were detected. Then, these concentrations were compared with lactation and other maternal factors. S100B protein levels in human milk samples collected at 3, 10, 30, and 90 d after parturition were 1249.79±398.10, 1345.05±539.16, 1481.83±573.30, and 1414.39±621.31 ng/L, respectively. On the other hand, the BDNF concentrations in human milk samples were 10.99±4.55, 13.01±5.88, 13.35±6.43, and 2.83±5.47 µg/L, while those of GDNF were 10.90±1.65, 11.38±1., 11.29±3.10, and 11.40±2.21 g/L for the same time periods. Maternal post-pregnancy body mass index was positively associated with S100B levels in human milk (r = 0.335, P = 0.030<0.05). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the levels of S100B protein and BDNF (z = 2.09, P = 0.037<0.05). Delivery modes were negatively associated with the concentration of GDNF in human milk.ConclusionsS100B protein, BDNF, and GDNF are present in all samples of human milk, and they may be responsible for the long term effects of breast feeding.

Bioactive Components in Human Milk Along the First Month of Life: Effects of Iodine Supplementation during Pregnancy

“…Although some of these factors have been previously measured in human milk [13] , their biological significance remains scarcely known and also not much is known about the interrelationships that exist among the different compounds with potential coordinate functions. Our findings indicate that, in general, the levels of neurotrophic factors in human milk are not modified by the intake of multivitamins or iodine supplements.…”

Expression of NGF, BDNF and their high-affinity receptors in ovine mammary glands during development and lactation

“…NGF and BDNF immunoreactivities have been reported in mouse and human milk, supposing that they were derived from leukocytes (Grueters et al 1985;Li et al 2011).…”

Overexpression of S100A14 in human serous ovarian carcinoma

“…S100 proteins play an extracellular function similar to cytokines. The family members of S100A8/S100A9 (35,36), S100A12 (37), S100A13 (38) and S100B (39,40) may be released out of cells actively or passively and bind to the corresponding receptors on the membranes of target cells. In addition, several members of the S100 family have been considered as serum biomarkers in multiple cancers.…”