“…High doses of UV-B irradiation reduce plant growth and development by inducing structural damage to DNA and membranes and disrupting processes including photosynthesis, secondary metabolism, responses to stress, and photomorphogenesis (Frohnmeyer and Staiger, 2003). To prevent damage from UV irradiation, plants have developed various mechanisms, including increased accumulation of UV-absorbing pigments (flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives) (Li et al, 1993;Landry et al, 1995;Jin et al, 2000;Bieza and Lois, 2001;Kliebenstein et al, 2002;Oravecz et al, 2006;Zhao et al, 2007;Bashandy et al, 2009), activation of reactive oxygen species (Mackerness et al, 2001;Gao et al, 2008), and generation of DNA damage repair systems (Gallego et al, 2000;Liu et al, 2000Liu et al, , 2003Ulm et al, 2001;Sakamoto et al, 2003;Liang et al, 2006;Vonarx et al, 2006;Wang and Liu, 2006;Hidema et al, 2007).…”