Safer-by-design for nanomaterials

Reijnders, L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819943-5.00010-5

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Hence, it is expected that an integration of design synthesis and safety assessment will foster particles safer-by-design by considering both applications and later safety/hazard implications ( Morose, 2010 ; Lin et al, 2018 ). Proposed strategies to reduce hazard for particles comprise coating, control of size, doping, managing shape and crystallinity, reducing the presence of substances at the surface of particles that contribute to hazard, reduced persistence, and substitution ( Geraci et al, 2015 ; Reijnders, 2020 ). Until today, a few safer-by-design strategies that have been implemented to make safer metal oxide, carbon-based, silica, and rare Earth oxide nanoparticles.…”

Section: Impact Of Particles’ Properties and Acquired Biological Iden...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing

et al. 2022

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Additive manufacturing (AM) or industrial three-dimensional (3D) printing drives a new spectrum of design and production possibilities; pushing the boundaries both in the application by production of sophisticated products as well as the development of next-generation materials. AM technologies apply a diversity of feedstocks, including plastic, metallic, and ceramic particle powders with distinct size, shape, and surface chemistry. In addition, powders are often reused, which may change the particles’ physicochemical properties and by that alter their toxic potential. The AM production technology commonly relies on a laser or electron beam to selectively melt or sinter particle powders. Large energy input on feedstock powders generates several byproducts, including varying amounts of virgin microparticles, nanoparticles, spatter, and volatile chemicals that are emitted in the working environment; throughout the production and processing phases. The micro and nanoscale size may enable particles to interact with and to cross biological barriers, which could, in turn, give rise to unexpected adverse outcomes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, activation of signaling pathways, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Another important aspect of AM-associated risks is emission/leakage of mono- and oligomers due to polymer breakdown and high temperature transformation of chemicals from polymeric particles, both during production, use, and in vivo, including in target cells. These chemicals are potential inducers of direct toxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. Nevertheless, understanding whether AM particle powders and their byproducts may exert adverse effects in humans is largely lacking and urges comprehensive safety assessment across the entire AM lifecycle—spanning from virgin and reused to airborne particles. Therefore, this review will detail: 1) brief overview of the AM feedstock powders, impact of reuse on particle physicochemical properties, main exposure pathways and protective measures in AM industry, 2) role of particle biological identity and key toxicological endpoints in the particle safety assessment, and 3) next-generation toxicology approaches in nanosafety for safety assessment in AM. Altogether, the proposed testing approach will enable a deeper understanding of existing and emerging particle and chemical safety challenges and provide a strategy for the development of cutting-edge methodologies for hazard identification and risk assessment in the AM industry.

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Section: Impact Of Particles’ Properties and Acquired Biological Iden...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing: From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing

et al. 2022

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“…This set of principles is not broadly accepted, but several components of it are supported by other authors. A review of recently published work (e.g., [ 54 , 55 , 56 ]) resulted in the following slightly adapted set of six design aspects that should be considered: materials, morphology, clustering, coating, embedding, and minimizing quantity.…”

Section: Disciplinary Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe-by-Design in Engineering: An Overview and Comparative Analysis of Engineering Disciplines

Gelder

Klaassen

Taebi

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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In this paper, we provide an overview of how Safe-by-Design is conceived and applied in practice in a large number of engineering disciplines. We discuss the differences, commonalities, and possibilities for mutual learning found in those practices and identify several ways of putting those disciplinary outlooks in perspective. The considered engineering disciplines in the order of historically grown technologies are construction engineering, chemical engineering, aerospace engineering, urban engineering, software engineering, bio-engineering, nano-engineering, and finally cyber space engineering. Each discipline is briefly introduced, the technology at issue is described, the relevant or dominant hazards are examined, the social challenge(s) are observed, and the relevant developments in the field are described. Within each discipline the risk management strategies, the design principles promoting safety or safety awareness, and associated methods or tools are discussed. Possible dilemmas that the designers in the discipline face are highlighted. Each discipline is concluded by discussing the opportunities and bottlenecks in addressing safety. Commonalities and differences between the engineering disciplines are investigated, specifically on the design strategies for which empirical data have been collected. We argue that Safe-by-Design is best considered as a specific elaboration of Responsible Research and Innovation, with an explicit focus on safety in relation to other important values in engineering such as well-being, sustainability, equity, and affordability. Safe-by-Design provides for an intellectual venue where social science and the humanities (SSH) collaborate on technological developments and innovation by helping to proactively incorporate safety considerations into engineering practices, while navigating between the extremes of technological optimism and disproportionate precaution. As such, Safe-by-Design is also a practical tool for policymakers and risk assessors that helps shape governance arrangements for accommodating and incentivizing safety, while fully acknowledging uncertainty.

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