Safety methods for chlorpyrifos removal from date fruits and its relation with sugars, phenolics and antioxidant capacity of fruits

Abstract

The effectiveness of different postharvest wash treatments at two levels (10 and 20 g/l) for different dipping times was determined to remove chlorpyrifos from date fruits treated at concentration of 2 mg/l. The recovered amount of chlorpyrifos was extracted based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) method and then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrate that the removal of chlorpyrifos increased in the order of acetic acid (AA)> citric acid (CA)> hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )> potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 )> running water (H 2 O), and the percent of pesticide residue on date fruits depended on the concentration of tested washing treatments and dipping time without the formation of the toxic by-product, chlorpyrifos-oxon. Kinetic studies revealed that chlorpyrifos was found to be more easily removable from date fruits treated with the tested chemical solutions with t 1/2 values of 12-29 min compared with roughly 53 min in case of running water. The impact of these washing treatments on quality of date fruits illustrated that all treatments exerted a little negative effect on total sugars content but H 2 O 2 and KMnO4 at level of 2 % had more drastic effect. Whereas, running water, 10 and 20 g/l CA caused significant increases in total phenolic contents, during all the tested contact times compared with control. Except the insignificant effect of KMnO 4 treatments, antioxidant capacity of date fruits tended to increase in all wash treatments, when the contact times were 5 or 15 min.

How effective are common household preparations on removing pesticide residues from fruit and vegetables? A review

“…mentioned that the amount of metabolite of chlorpyrifos, 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol, remained essentially the same as that of raw stage after different soaking treatments, including tap water, 10 g kg −1 salt, 10 g kg −1 soap, 20 g kg −1 acetic acid, 1 g kg −1 sodium hydroxide and 0.1 g kg −1 permanganate solution. Similarly, Osman et al . reported no toxic by‐products (chlorpyrifos‐oxon, malaoxon, methidaoxon and methyl paraoxon) were identified in the extracts of washed date fruit for the studied washing‐time and concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, KMnO 4 and H 2 O 2 , but high levels of oxons from the organophosphorus pesticides were identified.…”

“…In principle, the rate of residue removal is mainly correlated to K ow and solubility of pesticides. Thus, Osman et al . concluded from their study that the amount of pesticide removed by soaking was related to its water solubility and K ow .…”

“…The kinetic study conducted by Osman et al . revealed that chlorpyrifos was found to be more easily removed from date fruit after being treated with the tested chemical solutions when compared with running water.…”

Effect of Gamma irradiation on some biochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Sakouti and Bondoky dry dates fruits genotypes

“…As well as rich in riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid and vital minerals such as iron, copper, sulfur, potassium, and manganese but poor in protein (2-3%) and fat (about 2-3%) (Yousif, Benjamin, Kado, Alddin, & Ali, 1982). However, date fruits are a rich source of phenolic compounds which have in vitro antimutagenic and antioxidant properties (Osman, Al-Humaid, Al-Redhaiman, & El-Mergwai, 2012). Dates have excessive antioxidant content that can prevent many illnesses different than being a powerful agent in the food industry towards oxidative stress.…”

Study of phenolic compound and antioxidant activity of date fruit as a function of ripening stages and drying process

“…They are rich in simple sugars such as glucose and fructose (65-80 %), and a good source of fibers and some essential minerals, but low in fat and protein with no starch (Myhara et al 2000). Besides nutritional value, date fruits are rich in phenolic compounds that have in vitro antioxidant and antimutagenic properties (Vayalil 2005;Osman et al 2012;Gao et al 2011). Date palm fruit development takes place through basically 4 stages named by their Arabic denominations, kimri, khalaal, rutab and tamr.…”