Safety of children in cars: A review of biomechanical aspects and human body models

Brolin, Karin; Stockman, Isabelle; Andersson, Marianne; Bohman, Katarina; Gras, Laure-Lise; Jakobsson, Lotta

doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2014.09.001

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Agreeing with evidence from the literature, our study results identified a high proportion of head and extremity injuries, both of which are significantly associated with severe road injuries and deaths. 26–30 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child transport injuries and deaths in Lebanon: a multicentre retrospective study

et al. 2020

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IntroductionRoad traffic injury (RTI) constitutes the leading cause of deaths and disabilities for individuals aged 5–29 years globally. Lebanon suffers from a high toll of transport mortality and morbidity, though accurate and reliable RTI data are limited. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and the characteristics of child transport injuries and deaths in Lebanon and to determine their outcomes and associated risk factors.MethodsWe conducted a multicentre retrospective study to analyse data on transport injuries and deaths for children aged 0–17 years over a 3-year period (2015–2017). Data were captured from multiple sources, including police reports and the emergency departments of 30 hospitals across the country . We performed logistic regression models to examine the effects and test the association of multiple simultaneous factors on the child injury outcome and severity.ResultsA total of 3,033 cases of child transport injuries and 237 fatalities were collected. The majority of the cases were males (73%) (mean (SD) age=11 (±5) years). Transport victims were Lebanese (66.5%) and Syrian refugees (27.9%). The most commonly reported factor contributing to child’s RTI was a child riding in high-speed vehicles (25%) and the most affected body regions were upper and lower extremities (29.9%), followed by head injuries (26.1%). Pedestrians had higher odds of sustaining fatal injuries compared to four-wheel vehicle occupants (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.17 to 2.27). Older age groups of 6–14 years (OR=0.51; 95% CI: 0.79 to 0.69) and 15–17 years (OR=0.41; 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.61) had lower odds of dying from transport injuries compared to the younger age group of 0–5 years.ConclusionChild transport injury is a major public health problem in Lebanon. Findings from this study urge policy-makers and health professionals to implement evidence-based child transport safety policies and behaviour change programs to reduce child transport injuries and deaths.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child transport injuries and deaths in Lebanon: a multicentre retrospective study

et al. 2020

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“…6,19,20 They are designed to improve seat belt fit for children who are too big for a harnessed CRS but too small for vehicle belts to fit properly. During an MVC, the lap belt should engage with the front of the pelvis and the shoulder belt should engage with the clavicle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When properly used, booster seats direct the force of the seat belt onto the skeleton as opposed to soft tissues. 19,21 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Booster Seat Effectiveness Among Older Children: Evidence From Washington State

Anderson

Carlson

Rees

2017

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Introduction The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that children as old as 12 years use a booster seat when riding in motor vehicles, yet little is known about booster seat effectiveness when used by older children. This study estimated the association between booster use and injuries among children aged 8–12 years who were involved in motor vehicle crashes. Methods Researchers analyzed data on all motor vehicle crashes involving children aged 8–12 years reported to the Washington State Department of Transportation from 2002 to 2015. Data were collected in 2015 and analyzed in 2016. Children who were in a booster seat were compared with children restrained by a seat belt alone. Logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders. Results In unadjusted models, booster use was associated with a 29% reduction in the odds of experiencing any injury versus riding in a seat belt alone (OR=0.709, 95% CI=0.675, 0.745). In models adjusted for potential confounders, booster use was associated with a 19% reduction in the odds of any injury relative to riding in a seat belt alone (OR=0.814, 95% CI=0.749, 0.884). The risk of experiencing an incapacitating/fatal injury was not associated with booster use. Conclusions Children aged 8–12 years involved in a motor vehicle crash are less likely to be injured if in a booster than if restrained by a seat belt alone. Because only 10% of U.S. children aged 8–12 years use booster seats, policies encouraging their use could lead to fewer injuries.

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“…It includes measures maintenance of controllability and stability in motion, effective and reliable braking, reliable steering, sufficient visibility, effective performance of external and signal devices. Passive vehicle safety [4][5][6][7][8] is a set of design solutions that exclude or minimize the consequences of an accident for the driver, passengers and pedestrians. The solution to passive safety problems includes the use of "energy-effective" elements [9] in the front and rear of the car, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametric optimization of the cross-section and shape of the longitudinal member in frontal impact

et al. 2019

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The article considers the problem of optimal design of car body elements (longitudinal members) according to the chosen criteria. Both the questions of formulation of the optimization task and individual problems of its solution are studied. The mathematical statement of the problem is considered. Thus, the most attention is given to consideration of realisation of used numerical procedure of optimization. The system of numerical calculations is based on the most widely spread software systems for engineering analysis and design. The developed scripts on Python programming language are briefly considered. Results of optimization of longitudinal members of the car are given.

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Safety of children in cars: A review of biomechanical aspects and human body models

Cited by 20 publications

References 54 publications

Child transport injuries and deaths in Lebanon: a multicentre retrospective study

Child transport injuries and deaths in Lebanon: a multicentre retrospective study

Booster Seat Effectiveness Among Older Children: Evidence From Washington State

Parametric optimization of the cross-section and shape of the longitudinal member in frontal impact

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