Safety with Cryogenic Fluids

Fire and Explosion Manual for Aircraft Accident Investigators

“…A similar plot is shown in figure 39 (Ref. 43) where approximate overpressures for certain biological effects and material failures are also indicated. However, it should be noted that the lethal overpressure values are for a 400 millisecond pulse duration; both lethal and lung damage values can be expected to be higher with shorter pressure pulse durations since they are impulse sensitive.…”

Guide: Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems (AIAA G-095-2004)

“…The result was 200 to 400 injuries and 128 deaths and an estimated $6.8 million (1944 dollars) in property damage (Zabetakis 1967). An LNG storage vessel made of 3.5% nickel steel with a capacity of 4,248 m 3 (150,000 ft 3 ) ruptured and released 4,163 m 3 (147,000 ft 3 ) of LNG.…”

Testing of the Superconducting Solenoid for the Fermilab Collider Detector

“…The general hazards' associated with cryogenic systems have been treated elsewhere. 8 The primary hazards of the nitrogen-helium cryosysteu found at Fermi.lab are liquid cryogen spray and oxygen deficiency both of which can result from cryogen containment failure. At many of the Fermi.lab installations these hazards are exacerbated by the location of major system components, e.g.…”