Salicylate‐mediated interactions between pathogens and herbivores

Thaler, Jennifer S.; Agrawal, Anurag A.; Halitschke, Rayko

doi:10.1890/08-2347.1

Cited by 148 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Unexpectedly, on the tomato, this compound seemed to have no direct effect on aphid behavior and performance when sprayed on the plant, even though a lower number (but not significant) of fixed aphids were observed at the end of the assay. With regard to reproduction, the outcome of methyl salicylate fumigation has a negative impact on aphid fertility, in accordance with the application of BTH, a synthetic salicylate mimic and an inducer of the salicylate pathway in tomato (Cooper et al 2004;Thaler et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Interactions between tomato volatile organic compounds and aphid behaviour

Digilio

Cascone²,

Iodice³

et al. 2012

Journal of Plant Interactions

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In the tritrophic system consisting of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum (L.), the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and its natural enemy, the parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Haliday), it has been shown that the release of volatile organic compounds following aphid attack is responsible for attracting aphid parasitoids in wind tunnel experiments. The main compounds involved in these multitrophic interactions have been characterized and quantified. In this work, the possible activity of such compounds on plant direct defences against the aphid M. euphorbiae was assessed in laboratory tests. The selected compounds were applied to uninfested tomato plants, either by evaporation or contact, and performance of aphids, in terms of plant acceptance, fixing behaviour and aphid development, calculated in standard conditions. The results showed that two compounds, namely methyl salicylate and cis-hex-3-en-1-ol, alter aphid performance. These two compounds have been reported to be those eliciting the best response by A. ervi in terms of flight behavior (wind tunnel bioassay) and antennal stimulation (EAG bioassay).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Interactions between tomato volatile organic compounds and aphid behaviour

Digilio

Cascone²,

Iodice³

et al. 2012

Journal of Plant Interactions

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“…LC/ms methods for plant hormones.-Hormones were quantified using an established liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure, modified from Thaler et al (2010). Briefly, flash frozen samples were transferred into 2-mL screw cap tubes containing 900 mg zirconia/silica beads v www.esajournals.org (BioSpec, Bartelsville, OK, USA) and 1 mL extraction buffer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tests of the coupled expression of latex and cardenolide plant defense in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)

2014

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Abstract. The coexpression of plant resistance traits suggests the hypothesis that they may have complementary functions in defense against herbivory. To address the extent to which defensive traits are necessarily coupled in plants grown under various conditions, we focused on latex and cardenolides, two potent defenses of milkweeds. We measured defenses across ontogenetic stages, different biotic and abiotic environments, and across genetic families of the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca. We first addressed the extent to which foliar cardenolides are derived from latex because latex actively flows through canals in leaves. We rinsed latex out of shredded leaves, which had no impact on foliar cardenolides, suggesting cardenolides are allocated to leaves independently of latex. Accordingly, there is potential for independent expression of the two traits. We next followed a cohort of plants from germination over three years; expression of both latex exudation and cardenolides increased annually, with the exception of a second year dip in cardenolides. Damage by monarch caterpillars induced '50% increases of both latex and cardenolides, with the former occurring rapidly within a day and the latter taking five days of herbivory; these responses were preceded by an earlier peak of the signaling hormones jasmonic acid and abscisic acid. Endogenous jasmonic acid showed an instantaneous positive correlation with latex exudation and foliar cardenolides. Under drought stress, latex and cardenolide expression were reversed, with water stress suppressing latex exudation, but nearly doubling cardenolide concentrations. These drought effects were not driven by phytohormones in the expected manner, as jasmonic acid was unaffected, salicylic acid was strongly suppressed, and abscisic acid tripled in response to drought. Finally, a meta-analysis of four previously published field studies representing 85 genetic families of A. syriaca revealed no evidence for a genetic correlation between latex exudation and foliar cardenolide concentrations. The same lack of a correlation was observed across 22 populations of A. syriaca when grown in a common environment. Thus, the two most important defensive traits of milkweeds, although often coexpressed, can become uncoupled during some ontogenetic stages, under some biotic and abiotic conditions, and there is no evidence that they evolve together.

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“…The shaking and centrifugation steps were repeated as above and the lower organic phase was then collected and dried at 35°C under a gentle stream of nitrogen gas. The extracts were resuspended in 100 mL of methanol and analyzed using a triple-quadrupole liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system (Quantum Access, Thermo Scientific) as described by Thaler et al (2010) at the Chemical Ecology Group Core Facility, with the selected reaction monitoring of compound-specific parent/product ion transitions ABA 263 → 153; d 6 -ABA 269 → 159.…”

Section: Aba Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cuticle Biosynthesis in Tomato Leaves Is Developmentally Regulated by Abscisic Acid

et al. 2017

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The expansion of aerial organs in plants is coupled with the synthesis and deposition of a hydrophobic cuticle, composed of cutin and waxes, which is critically important in limiting water loss. While the abiotic stress-related hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is known to up-regulate wax accumulation in response to drought, the hormonal regulation of cuticle biosynthesis during organ ontogeny is poorly understood. To address the hypothesis that ABA also mediates cuticle formation during organ development, we assessed the effect of ABA deficiency on cuticle formation in three ABA biosynthesis-impaired tomato mutants. The mutant leaf cuticles were thinner, had structural abnormalities, and had a substantial reduction in levels of cutin. ABA deficiency also consistently resulted in differences in the composition of leaf cutin and cuticular waxes. Exogenous application of ABA partially rescued these phenotypes, confirming that they were a consequence of reduced ABA levels. The ABA mutants also showed reduced expression of genes involved in cutin or wax formation. This difference was again countered by exogenous ABA, further indicating regulation of cuticle biosynthesis by ABA. The fruit cuticles were affected differently by the ABA-associated mutations, but in general were thicker. However, no structural abnormalities were observed, and the cutin and wax compositions were less affected than in leaf cuticles, suggesting that ABA action influences cuticle formation in an organdependent manner. These results suggest dual roles for ABA in regulating leaf cuticle formation: one that is fundamentally associated with leaf expansion, independent of abiotic stress, and another that is drought induced.

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Salicylate‐mediated interactions between pathogens and herbivores

Cited by 148 publications

References 52 publications

Interactions between tomato volatile organic compounds and aphid behaviour

Interactions between tomato volatile organic compounds and aphid behaviour

Tests of the coupled expression of latex and cardenolide plant defense in common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)

Cuticle Biosynthesis in Tomato Leaves Is Developmentally Regulated by Abscisic Acid

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