Salinity, Osmolytes and Compatible Solutes

Rhodes, David; Nadolska‐Orczyk, Anna; Rich, Patrick J.

doi:10.1007/0-306-48155-3_9

Cited by 126 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…This is likely due to modest accumulation of several other solutes, although we have not yet measured some important, but less common, osmolytes such as sugar alcohols. Even though considerable effort has been made to understand the role of Pro accumulation in stress adaptation (Rhodes et al, 2002), we now have, for the first time, the opportunity to determine the genetic changes controlling Pro metabolism that have evolved to mediate stress tolerance in a halophyte through comparison of gene structure and function between salt cress and Arabidopsis.…”

Section: Salt Cress Displays Important Differences From Arabidopsis Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt Cress. A Halophyte and Cryophyte Arabidopsis Relative Model System and Its Applicability to Molecular Genetic Analyses of Growth and Development of Extremophiles

et al. 2004

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Salt cress (Thellungiella halophila) is a small winter annual crucifer with a short life cycle. It has a small genome (about 2 3 Arabidopsis) with high sequence identity (average 92%) with Arabidopsis, and can be genetically transformed by the simple floral dip procedure. It is capable of copious seed production. Salt cress is an extremophile native to harsh environments and can reproduce after exposure to extreme salinity (500 mM NaCl) or cold to 215°C. It is a typical halophyte that accumulates NaCl at controlled rates and also dramatic levels of Pro (.150 mM) during exposure to high salinity. Stomata of salt cress are distributed on the leaf surface at higher density, but are less open than the stomata of Arabidopsis and respond to salt stress by closing more tightly. Leaves of salt cress are more succulent-like, have a second layer of palisade mesophyll cells, and are frequently shed during extreme salt stress. Roots of salt cress develop both an extra endodermis and cortex cell layer compared to Arabidopsis. Salt cress, although salt and cold tolerant, is not exceptionally tolerant of soil desiccation. We have isolated several ethyl methanesulfonate mutants of salt cress that have reduced salinity tolerance, which provide evidence that salt tolerance in this halophyte can be significantly affected by individual genetic loci. Analysis of salt cress expressed sequence tags provides evidence for the presence of paralogs, missing in the Arabidopsis genome, and for genes with abiotic stressrelevant functions. Hybridizations of salt cress RNA targets to an Arabidopsis whole-genome oligonucleotide array indicate that commonly stress-associated transcripts are expressed at a noticeably higher level in unstressed salt cress plants and are induced rapidly under stress. Efficient transformation of salt cress allows for simple gene exchange between Arabidopsis and salt cress. In addition, the generation of T-DNA-tagged mutant collections of salt cress, already in progress, will open the door to a new era of forward and reverse genetic studies of extremophile plant biology.Salinity is a severe and increasing constraint on the productivity of agricultural crops. High concentrations of salts in the soil have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth and harvestable yield of all crop species. Secondary salinization significantly impairs crop production on at least 20% of irrigated land worldwide (Ghassemi et al., 1995), and irrigated agriculture contributes more than 30% of global agricultural production (Hillel, 2000). Salinization of arable land arising from poor water management has led to the decline of past civilizations, and it threatens the long-term sustainability of many current large-scale irrigation systems, especially those in Asia (Sharma and Goyal, 2003). Soil salinity almost always originates from previous exposure to seawater (Flowers et al., 1986). Although it is believed that, for most of the Earth's history, the salt level of the oceans was much lower than at present (Serrano et al., 1997), all plant spec...

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Section: Salt Cress Displays Important Differences From Arabidopsis Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt Cress. A Halophyte and Cryophyte Arabidopsis Relative Model System and Its Applicability to Molecular Genetic Analyses of Growth and Development of Extremophiles

et al. 2004

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“…These typically include quaternary ammonium compounds, amino acids and carbohydrates (Briens and Larher, 1982;Hare and Cress, 1997;Rhodes et al, 2002;Ashraf and Foodad, 2007). The production of carbohydrates, in particular, in response to environmental stresses could alter the total concentration of pyruvate within the plant leaves (Rhodes et al, 1986;Good and Zaplachinski, 1994) (Briens and Larher, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the carbon isotope composition and leaf wax n-alkane concentration of C3 and C4 plants in Stiffkey saltmarsh, Norfolk, UK

Eley

Dawson

Pedentchouk

2016

Organic Geochemistry

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The carbon isotope composition of terrestrial plants records valuable ecophysiological and palaeoecological information. However, interspecies variability in 13C/12C, at both the bulk and compound-specific (CS) level, requires further exploration across a range of ecosystem types. Here, we present bulk and n-alkane δ13C values, and n-alkane concentrations, from seven plants (C3 and C4) growing in a temperate UK saltmarsh. Inter- and intra-species variation in n-alkane δ13C values among C3 plants ranged from 8‰ (n-C31) to 10‰ (n-C27) across the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons, exceeding variability in bulk tissue (7‰). In contrast, the C4 monocot showed < 2‰ seasonal shifts in bulk and CS values. As a result of the variability in our CS data, we calculate that n-alkane based C3/C4 reconstructions in temperate saltmarshes have a maximum uncertainty of ∼11%. For dicots and succulents, seasonal bulk and CS δ13C trends diverged, while for C3 and C4 monocots, bulk and CS values followed similar temporal patterns. Fractionation between bulk and n-alkane carbon isotope values varied from −4 to −10‰ for C3 plants, and reached −13‰ for the C4 monocot. We explain discrepancies between bulk and n-alkane δ13C values by referring to possible interspecies variation in salinity adaptation, which may influence the partitioning of pyruvate, shifting the isotopic composition of lipid biomarkers. These findings open new avenues for empirical studies to further understand the metabolic processes fractionating carbon during the synthesis of n-alkanes, enhancing interpretation of the biomarker signal from the geological record

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“…2a), followed by ACF treatment at 20% which reported the value of 0.98 µM/g FW. It is widely known that stressed plants generally tend to accumulate a significant amount of free proline as a response to water defect, salinity, low temperature, exposure to heavy metals and UV radiation (Naidu et al, 1991;Bassi and Sharma, 1993;Hare et al, 1998;Rhodes et al, 2002;Muns, 2005).…”

Section: The Effect Of Acf and Nacl Concentrations On Callus Browningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) callus to biotic and abiotic stresses

Abass¹

2016

Emir. J. Food Agric

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Salinity, Osmolytes and Compatible Solutes

Cited by 126 publications

References 110 publications

Salt Cress. A Halophyte and Cryophyte Arabidopsis Relative Model System and Its Applicability to Molecular Genetic Analyses of Growth and Development of Extremophiles

Salt Cress. A Halophyte and Cryophyte Arabidopsis Relative Model System and Its Applicability to Molecular Genetic Analyses of Growth and Development of Extremophiles

Investigating the carbon isotope composition and leaf wax n-alkane concentration of C3 and C4 plants in Stiffkey saltmarsh, Norfolk, UK

Responses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) callus to biotic and abiotic stresses

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