Salinity variation in interstitial water of sand at Kames Bay, Millport, with reference to the distribution of Nereis diversicolor

Smith, Ralph I.

doi:10.1017/s0025315400008596

Cited by 42 publications

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“…Smith (1956a) found no significant differences in chloride regulation of populations of N. diversicolor from widely distributed and different habitats and salinities. Smith (1956b) found this species regularly endures salinities of 0.5 in the Tamar River Estuary and is not found in true marine situations. Smith (1 964b) found that larval development of N. diversicolor in Finnish waters at salinity from 5.4-6.3 ppt took place at 3 to log C l / l , with an optimum of 7.5; Swedish worms from a salinity of 20 ppt developed at 5-15g C l / l with slower rates near the extremes.…”

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“…He found that they regulate potassium and sulphate, and in ionic ratios were similar to the jellyfish and echinoderms in contrast to the higher 410 GUNTER, BALLARD, AND VENKATARAMIAH crustaceans. Smith (1953) found that the Pacific species, Nereis lighti, lived at 2-3% sea water in the upper Salinas Estuary and near the river mouth at 40 to 100% sea water, both locales being more favorable than the lower estuary which has full tidal exchange part of the year. Smith (1964a) found that Nereis succineu in 50% sea water loses salt at a much higher rate than N. limnicola.…”

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“…N. pelagicu (Schlieper 1929) and N. vexillosa (Smith 1963, Oglesby 1965 and Perinereis cultriferu (Beadle 1931, Ellis 1939 are stenohaline conformers. Cirriformia spirabranchia (Dice 1969) can hyperregulate to some degree but its lowest salinity tolerance is higher than that of the nonregulating Arenicolu murina which is able to tolerate wide ranges in internal concentration.Laeonereis culveri (Oglesby 1965), Nereis succineu, N. limnicola (Smith 1963(Smith , 1964a Oglesby 1966), N. virens (Potts and Parry 1964a), and N. diversicolor (Schlieper 1929, Beadle 1937, Ellis 1937 conform at high salinities and hyperregulate at low salinities, but they vary in their lower salinity limits. According to Beadle the worms use more 0, at lower concentrations not because of osmotic work but because muscles contract to counteract swelling.…”

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“…Laeonereis culveri (Oglesby 1965), Nereis succineu, N. limnicola (Smith 1963(Smith , 1964a Oglesby 1966), N. virens (Potts and Parry 1964a), and N. diversicolor (Schlieper 1929, Beadle 1937, Ellis 1937 conform at high salinities and hyperregulate at low salinities, but they vary in their lower salinity limits. According to Beadle the worms use more 0, at lower concentrations not because of osmotic work but because muscles contract to counteract swelling.…”

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A Review of Salinity Problems of Organisms in United States Coastal Areas Subject to the Effects of Engineering Works

Gunter

Ballard

Venkataramiah

1974

GCR

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The nongaseous substances that normally move in and out of cells are metabolites, water and salts. The common salts in water determine its salinity, and the definition of sea water salinity and its composition are discussed. The relationships of salinity to all phyla of animals living in the coastal waters are reviewed, with emphasis on the estuaries of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States, which are particularly influenced by coastal engineering works and changes of salinity caused thereby.The fauna of estuaries is made up of a few brackish water species which complete their life cycles there, marine species which spend only a part of their life cycles there and which have definite low-salinity limits, a few anadromous species passing through, and a few fresh water species with high salinity limits. Organisms of marine origin are dominant. Floods and drought periods, resulting in severe osmotic changes, may kill organisms or result in drastic changes of the biota, which may take extended time to reestablish itself, if the conditions return to normal.Many invertebrate animals have few mechanisms for controlling the movement of waters and salts across their external membranes and thus are osmotic conformers. Species that cannot withstand wide salinity change are said to be stenohaline, but many species can tolerate rather wide changes; they have broad tolerance at a cellular level. Osmoregulators exhibit considerable control of their internal salinity by excretory mechanisms and permeability control of the body surface to water and salts. In general, the worms and molluscs are more often osmoconformers than the crustaceans, the latter having greater control over their internal osmotic environment than other invertebrate groups. Effects upon different stages of life history are different, but in general the limiting effects of salinity and other environmental factors bear upon the reproductive stages or the young. The limits of salinities are nearly always on the lower side with regard to estuarine organisms. Aside from osmotic adjustments, animals react to salinity changes by closing their shells, closing their burrows, burying in the bottom where interstitial water has higher salinity, or motile forms simply move out. In spite of these adjustments, none may be successful during large floods.The salinity relationships of all phyla are reviewed, even though some of them are unimportant parts of the marine populations. Dinoflagellate Protozoa which cause red tides 'This paper is modified from a report that was prepared by the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory under Contract No. DACW39-72C-0003 with the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) and Contract No. DACW73-70-C-0004 with the Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers (OCE) (Gunter, Ballard and Venkataramiah 1973). Preparation of that state-of-knowledge summary was initiated on the recommendation of the W E Estuarine Ecological Consultants Board in an Interim Report entitled "Effects of Engineering Activities o...

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