Saliva – A Promising Tool for Diagnosing Oral Diseases

Wu, David; Tao, Owen; Trinh, Nathalie; Javaid, Muhammad; Ahmed, Ahad S.; Durand, Robert; Tran, Simon D.

doi:10.1007/s40496-018-0200-4

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Among the variously reported mRNAs, IL‐8, and satellite RNAs were identified as the best performers in multiple OSCC cohorts and on a large number of the sample (n = 395 patients). The most widely implicated miRNAs in OSCC include miR‐7, miR‐16, miR‐24, miR‐27b, miR‐31, miR‐125a, miR‐184, miR‐191, miR‐200a, miR‐203, and miR‐223 . Salivary miR‐31 was significantly increased in patients with OSCC at all clinical stages, including tiny tumors and the results pointed towards a potential application of miR‐31 for early OSCC detection .…”

Section: Biomarkers In Oscc and Esccmentioning

confidence: 88%

Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

Khan

Relitti

Brindisi

et al. 2019

Medicinal Research Reviews

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Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) exhibit a survival rate of less than 60% and 40%, respectively. Late-stage diagnosis and lack of effective treatment strategies make both OSCC and ESCC a significant health burden. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process, involves the degradation of intracellular components to maintain cell homeostasis. Targeting autophagy has been highlighted as a feasible therapeutic strategy with clinical utility in cancer treatment, although its associated regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. The detection of relevant biomarkers in biological fluids has been anticipated to facilitate early diagnosis and/or prognosis for these tumors. In this context, recent studies have indicated the presence of specific proteins and small RNAs, detectable in circulating plasma and serum, as biomarkers. Interestingly, the interplay between biomarkers (eg, exosomal microRNAs) and autophagic processes could be exploited in the quest for targeted and more effective therapies for OSCC and ESCC. In this review, we give an overview of the available biomarkers and innovative targeted therapeutic strategies, including the application of autophagy modulators in OSCC and ESCC.Additionally, we provide a viewpoint on the state of the art Tuhina Khan and Nicola Relitti contributed equally to this work. and on future therapeutic perspectives combining the early detection of relevant biomarkers with drug discovery for the treatment of OSCC and ESCC. K E Y W O R D S autophagy, autophagy modulators, biomarkers, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, exosomes, oral squamous cell carcinoma, targeted therapy 1 | INTRODUCTION Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the predominant malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity followed by verrucous carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, and small salivary adenocarcinoma. 1 Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the first histological type and accounts for 80% of cases of esophageal cancer. 2 OSCC and ESCC are indicated as one of the most common cancers by the International Union Against Cancer with an annual incidence of 275 000 and 456 000 cases worldwide, respectively. 3,4 The primary etiology in both OSCC and ESCC is attributed to the environmental factors (tobacco abuse, alcohol consumption), genetic factors (eg, mutations in enzymes), viral factors (human papilloma virus [HPV] infection), and/or the coexistence of these factors. Alcohol intake and tobacco use are responsible for at least 75% of these carcinomas. The underlying initiation and progression mechanisms of OSCC and ESCC are generally characterized by the accumulation of serial epigenetic and genetic alterations, which eventually lead to uncontrolled proliferation of the mutated cells, followed by vigorous cell division. 5,7 Early-stage OSCC detection displays an 80% survival rate at 5 years, while detection at advanced stage leads to survival rates ranging from 20% to 40%. 6 In ESCC, the 5-year survival rate for early-stage detection may reach 85%, whereas a dr...

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Section: Biomarkers In Oscc and Esccmentioning

confidence: 88%

Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

Khan

Relitti

Brindisi

et al. 2019

Medicinal Research Reviews

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“…Oral cancer, despite the advancements made in the diagnosis and therapeutic field, exhibits a continuous increase of its incidence, being mostly diagnosed in stages 3 or 4 accompanied by a poor prognosis [22]. An early detection of the oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) is important for a further prevention of oral malignancy development, improving the survival rate of the patients [23][24][25].…”

Section: Saliva As a Diagnostic Tool In Oral Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary diagnostics in oral cancer

Roi,

Ioan Roi,

Riviș

et al. 2024

Molecular Diagnostics of Cancer [Working Title]

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Oral cancer carcinogenesis is a complex process that outlines the implication of multiple mechanisms that lead to the development of this specific malignancy. The high heterogeneity of this disease is a key factor that controls the progression and treatment response, influencing the survival rate. The multifactorial etiology, the genetic alterations and the diagnosis in advanced stages are directly involved in the high mortality rate of this pathology. Currently, the gold standard for oral cancer diagnosis is represented by the tissue biopsy and its histopathological examination, procedure that in time revealed several disadvantages. Recent research focused on a non-invasive, fast and reliable diagnosis approach based on the use of saliva. Saliva through its components provides information regarding specific salivary molecules, proteomic and genomic changes linked to oral cancer occurrence and progression. By using saliva as a diagnosis tool, it offers an important perspective of the tumor environment, designing a complete molecular profile of the tumor by creating the concept of personalized medicine.

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“…Many studies were carried out to provide early diagnosis of these diseases by detecting biomarkers in gingival fluid and saliva. The most important biomarkers are gram (-) bacteria such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Eikinella corrodens (4,16). Studies revealed that an increase in the amount of salivary IgA, IgG, and IgM could contribute to the immunological response against these bacteria.…”

Section: Periodontal Diseases and Peri-implantitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also mentioned that there is oxidative stress in the presence of a disease. Markers such as increased oxidative DNA damage can play an important role in controlling the disease (4). A recent study evaluating lymphocytes in patients with SS concluded that lymphocytes are found in parotid saliva in both primary and secondary SS while there are no findings in healthy individuals (33).…”

Section: Sjögren's Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic substances are composed of urea, uric acid, glucose, fatty acids, glycerides, creatinine, peroxidase, amylase, and hormones. As for the inorganic molecules; Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl − , Mg 2+ , F − , I − , HCO 3 -and H 2 PO 4 are some of the ions found in saliva (4,5). These substances in the structure of saliva have different functions (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Diseases

Kart¹,

Yarat²

2020

Experimed

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Saliva is a body fluid, which is secreted from 3 major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular and sublingual) and many minor salivary glands. It contains organic and inorganic substances with 99% water, and has several functions such as contribution to articulation, digestion, cleansing and protection of the oral mucosa, and antimicrobial effects. The concentration of saliva's substances vary according to the responses to physiological processes in the human body. Containing genetic materials such as DNA and RNA also highlights saliva as a potential diagnostic tool. Saliva analysis has advantages such as being cheaper, non-invasive, easier patient cooperation, and low technical sensitivity compared to blood tests; it can be used in the diagnosis of many diseases or routine risk assessments. It is also promising for its advantages in collection and storage of the samples. Advances in molecular biology, genomics, and proteomics have revealed the importance of saliva in the detection of many diseases, coining the term salivaomics. The early diagnosis of the diseases in which symptoms can be seen in late stages, may provide an easier treatment and improve the prognosis. In this review, the biomarkers of saliva in the presence of different diseases and the advantages of their use in diagnosis were examined.

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Saliva – A Promising Tool for Diagnosing Oral Diseases

Cited by 4 publications

References 65 publications

Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas

Salivary diagnostics in oral cancer

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Diseases

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