Salivary testosterone: a reliable approach to the diagnosis of male hypogonadism

Arregger, Alejandro Luis; Contreras, Liliana Noemí; Tumilasci, Omar R.; Aquilano, Daniel R.; Cardoso, Estela M. del Luján

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02937.x

Cited by 109 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Salivary sampling was chosen to obtain baseline testosterone levels. Salivary testosterone has proven to be a reliable noninvasive biomarker in the social (42, 44,46,49,51) and clinical sciences (36,53), and has also been successfully applied in economic research (10,54). Salivary sampling avoids possible confounding influences induced by (anticipation of) blood sampling procedures, which in humans are known to induce substantial stress, and increases in stress hormones such as cortisol (55).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone decreases trust in socially naïve humans

Bos

Terburg

Honk

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

181

129

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Trust plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of human social relationships. But trusting others is associated with a cost, given the prevalence of cheaters and deceivers in human society. Recent research has shown that the peptide hormone oxytocin increases trust in humans. However, oxytocin also makes individuals susceptible to betrayal, because under influence of oxytocin, subjects perseverate in giving trust to others they know are untrustworthy. Testosterone, a steroid hormone associated with competition and dominance, is often viewed as an inhibitor of sociality, and may have antagonistic properties with oxytocin. The following experiment tests this possibility in a placebo-controlled, within-subjects design involving the administration of testosterone to 24 female subjects. We show that compared with the placebo, testosterone significantly decreases interpersonal trust, and, as further analyses established, this effect is determined by those who give trust easily. We suggest that testosterone adaptively increases social vigilance in these trusting individuals to better prepare them for competition over status and valued resources. In conclusion, our data provide unique insights into the hormonal regulation of human sociality by showing that testosterone downregulates interpersonal trust in an adaptive manner.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone decreases trust in socially naïve humans

Bos

Terburg

Honk

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

181

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Some investigators proposed salivary testosterone level as a criterion of late-onset hypogonadism (Loh) in males [7,18]. On the other hand, salivary cortisol may be useful for evaluation of the degree of stress and in the diagnosis of hormone related diseases, such as Cushing's disease [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Extraction and Purification Of T And F In Saliva And Serummentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Assay for Simultaneous Measurement of Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol in Healthy Men for Utilization in the Diagnosis of Late-onset Hypogonadism in Males

et al. 2009

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Abstract. it is well known that late-onset hypogonadism in males can cause a variety of symptoms, and the differential diagnosis is relatively difficult, including psychological disorders, stress, and mood disturbances. The level of serum cortisol can be measured to reflect a patient's level of stress. Salivary hormones facilitate the evaluation of physiological hormonal actions based on free hormone assay. For the simultaneous measurement of testosterone and cortisol levels in saliva, we validate a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Concerning accuracy and precision, the lower limit of quantification of salivary testosterone and cortisol were established as 5 and 10 pg/mL, respectively. Testosterone and cortisol in saliva is stable for 2 days, 14 days, and 28 days at room temperature, refrigeration and frozen, respectively. Freezing and thawing for 3 cycles and stimulation of salivation with gum chewing do not alter the measured values of testosterone and cortisol. Total, bioavailable, and free serum testosterone showed slight diurnal changes, but total and bioavailable serum cortisol showed marked diurnal changes. Salivary testosterone levels negatively correlate with age, regardless of the time of saliva collection (r=0.64, p<0.05). However, there is no relationship between salivary cortisol and age (r=0033, p>0.05). LC-MS/MS allows rapid, simultaneous, sensitive, and accurate quantification of testosterone and cortisol in saliva for the diagnosis late-onset hypogonadism or other hormone related disease. 2]. The differences may be associated with molecular structure variations in water solubility, differences in binding affinity to sex hormone-binding globulin (shBg) in serum, or the serum free hormone ratio [3]. However, the mechanism by which hormones are secreted in saliva via blood remains to be clarified. Autoradiograms showed free T was secreted in saliva without binding to SHBG [4]. Recent studies reported t and F in saliva were useful for evaluating bioavailability and accurately reflected serum hormone activity [1,3,[5][6][7][8]. Some studies indicated the measurement of salivary hormone levels facilitated the evaluation of precise physiologic actions based on free hormone activity, which could not be confirmed based on total blood hormone levels [1,3,6,9]. therefore, salivary hormone measurements have re-

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“…This association understandable, because specific sex-steroid binding globulins play only a minor role in saliva. Because of the close correlation of salivary testosterone to serum free testosterone, salivary testosterone concentration was established as a biomarker in the diagnosis of male androgen deficiency (69 ), with a cutoff value for salivary testosterone of 0.2 nmol/L, above which hypogonadism can be ruled out. Reliable analysis of salivary sex steroids is very challenging, however, and Granger and colleagues stress the limitations of this method (70 ).…”

Section: Salivary Sex Steroids In Fertility Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Salivary Hormone Analysis

2008

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BACKGROUND: Saliva, which offers a noninvasive and stress-free alternative to plasma and serum, is a widely accepted sample source for analysis of steroids and also of certain amines and peptides. In recent years, numerous publications have described the use of salivary hormone analysis in many fields of clinical and basic research.CONTENT: This review provides an overview of the current applications of salivary hormone analysis. A description of the different modes of hormone entry into saliva is followed by a detailed description of analytical methods and approaches for reliable collection of saliva, including several interesting applications in diverse fields including psychiatry, stress research, clinical endocrinology, sports medicine, and veterinary medicine.

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Salivary testosterone: a reliable approach to the diagnosis of male hypogonadism

Abstract: Our data showed that Sal-T is a reliable marker of testosterone bioavailability. The results support the inclusion of this biomarker as a noninvasive approach in the diagnosis of male androgen deficiency.

Cited by 109 publications

References 30 publications

Testosterone decreases trust in socially naïve humans

Testosterone decreases trust in socially naïve humans

Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Assay for Simultaneous Measurement of Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol in Healthy Men for Utilization in the Diagnosis of Late-onset Hypogonadism in Males

Current Status of Salivary Hormone Analysis

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