Salivary variables in relation to tobacco smoking and female sex steroid hormone-use in 30 to 59-year-old women

Abstract

Several systemic conditions may have an influence on oral health. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has a positive effect on alveolar bone of menopausal women and smoking a negative effect. However, little is known about their effect on saliva. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hormone-use and tobacco smoking on the composition of saliva, in particular on the inorganic constituents. Salivary samples were collected from a representative study group comprising 1,013 women (30-59 years) participating in a pre-screen referral program for osteoporosis. The participants were divided into 2 subgroups according to age. The younger group (< or = 45 years) comprised 413 women and the older group (> or = 50 years) 600 women. Salivary calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, inorganic phosphate, total protein, and flow rate of paraffin-stimulated saliva were measured. In the older age group, female sex steroid users (hormone users) had lower salivary protein concentrations than non-users. Smoking was associated with high salivary calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels in the group of older participants. Neither tobacco smoking nor female sex steroid hormones had any significant effect on the salivary composition in the younger age group. In conclusion, smoking was reflected more clearly than female sex steroid hormone-use in the inorganic composition of saliva in the older age group. The salivary composition was not affected by hormone-use or by smoking among the younger age group.

Tobacco and dental caries: A systematic review

“…After the abstract review, 52wereexcluded(Appendix 2) and 15 were retrieved as full text and assessed for eligibility (after duplicate removal). Ten studies [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] were subsequently excluded as the eligibility criteria were not respected; see Appendix 4 for reasons for exclusion. No additional study was identified by checking reference lists of retrieved studies and this reference list check highlighted a large number of duplicates with database search results.…”

Quantitative estimation of sodium, potassium and total protein in saliva of diabetic smokers and nonsmokers: A novel study

“…[26] The increased salivary total protein in diabetics could be attributed to the increase in basement membrane permeability, allowing easy and increased passage of serum proteins into the whole saliva via salivary gland and gingival crevices. [232728] Arati et al . and Streckfus et al .…”

Can smoking alter salivary homeostasis? A systematic review on the effects of traditional and electronic cigarettes on qualitative and quantitative saliva parameters

“…65 Although there is little data on the relationship between oral health and ions present in saliva, the salivary electrolyte levels are determined by general health. [66][67][68][69][70][71][72] Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ions, in addition to participating in the remineralization of dental hard tissues (along with sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) ions), contribute to plaque mineralization and tartar formation. [73][74][75][76] A similar function is performed by fluorine (F), which binds to the amino groups in hydroxyapatite and replaces hydroxide ions to form fluorapatite, which is more resistant to acids produced by bacteria and contained in food.…”