“…Among the various surface engineering methods, the layer-by-layer assembly, refined by Decher in the 1990s [17], can be diversely used to tailor substrate properties and is particularly suitable to address material -cell interactions [18,19]. For example, different deposition parameters of the polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs), such as the type of polyelectrolytes [20,21], temperature [22], pH [23] and salt concentrations [24,25], have great impacts on hydration, swelling and mobility of the polymer chains. Consequently, the chemical composition, stability, surface functional groups, thickness, stiffness, hydration degree and surface roughness are varied, which in turn show different performance in terms of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation [23,[26][27][28].…”