Reptiles are reservoirs of a wide range of pathogens, including many protozoa, helminths, pentastomids, and arthropod parasitic species, some of which may be of public health concern. In this review we discuss the zoonotic risks associated with human-reptile interactions. Increased urbanization and introduction of exotic species of reptile may act as drivers for the transmission of zoonotic parasites through the environment. In addition, being a part of human diet, reptiles can be a source of life-threatening parasitoses, such as pentastomiasis or sparganosis. Finally, reptiles kept as pets may represent a risk to owners given the possibility of parasites transmitted by direct contact or fecal contamination. Awareness of reptile-borne zoonotic parasitoses is important to advocate control, prevention, and surveillance of these neglected diseases.
Humans, Reptiles, and…Their ParasitesCrawling creatures, identified as reptiles (from the Latin repere 'to crawl'), include a polyphyletic (see Glossary) group of animals belonging to different orders and a large number of species (Box 1) [1]. In many aspects, reptiles represent enigmatic creatures and arouse an incredible range of feelings in humans as they are perceived, according to different cultures, as fascinating and even worshipped in some African and Asian societies, such as the ball pythons (Python regius) and black cobra (Naja melanoleuca) in Africa, or scary and disgusting wild creatures crawling on earth, mainly in the western world [2]. Accordingly, the symbolic usage of reptiles varied through history in many cultures. The range of attitudes of humans toward reptiles commonly affects their conservation, being often persecuted as dangerous creatures (P. Luís Ceríaco, Master's Thesis, Évora University, 2010). Nowadays, reptiles have become popular exotic pets and account for an estimated 21% of the value of the live animal trade [3]. In addition, in some parts of the world, the reptiles are used as important source of food, medicines, and materials (e.g., the leather industry) (Box 2).