Samandarin und eine Reihe von Umwandlungs- und Abbauprodukten des Samandarins

Geßner, Otto; Esser, Werner

doi:10.1007/bf01862684

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…2014). Samandarine is often referred to as the most potent of the SAMs (Geßner & Esser 1935a; Kellaway 1939), yet it is more abundant in Prenj, where snake diversity is low, compared to Gorski Kotar. Previous studies have often found a positive association between measures of predation pressure and toxin concentrations; for example, Hague et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samandarine is often referred to as the most potent of the SAMs (Geßner & Esser 1935a;Kellaway 1939), yet it is more abundant in Prenj, where snake diversity is low, compared to Gorski Kotar. Previous studies have often found a positive association between measures of predation pressure and toxin concentrations; for example, Hague et al (2016) showed that Pacific newts (Taricha granulosa) have lower concentrations of TTX in allopatry with their TTX-resistant snake predators, and Bokony et al (2019) suggested that toads in anthropogenic habitats invest in more potent toxins due to a higher density of predators compared to natural habitats One possible explanation may be that salamanders in sympatry with snakes get attacked more frequently and will have to release their secretions more often.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2018), and it was demonstrated that S. salamandra individuals completely deprived of their skin secretions succumb to infections within weeks, unless kept in a sterile environment (Habermehl & Preusser 1969). Older literature refers to the compound samandarine as the most potent neurotoxin among the SAMs (Geßner & Esser 1935a; Kellaway 1939; but see Becker 1986; Lüddecke et al . 2018), and samandarone as the strongest inhibitor of microbial growth (Preusser et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SAMs also show antimicrobial and antifungal activity (Habermehl & Preusser 1969;Preusser et al 1975;Lüddecke et al 2018;Smith et al 2018), and it was demonstrated that S. salamandra individuals completely deprived of their skin secretions succumb to infections within weeks, unless kept in a sterile environment (Habermehl & Preusser 1969). Older literature refers to the compound samandarine as the most potent neurotoxin among the SAMs (Geßner & Esser 1935a;Kellaway 1939;but see Becker 1986;Lüddecke et al 2018), and samandarone as the strongest inhibitor of microbial growth (Preusser et al 1975). In contrast to many other amphibian alkaloids, which are commonly sequestered from dietary sources, SAMs are synthesized by the salamander itself, via biochemical pathways starting from cholesterol (Habermehl & Haaf 1968;Mebs & Pogoda 2005;Lüddecke et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxin variation among salamander populations: discussing potential causes and future directions

et al. 2020

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Amphibians produce defensive chemicals which provide protection against both predators and infections. Within species, populations can differ considerably in the composition and amount of these chemical defenses. Studying intraspecific variation in toxins and linking it to environmental variables may help us to identify the selective drivers of toxin evolution, such as predation pressure and infection risk. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the unique toxins produced by salamanders from the genus Salamandra: the samandarines. Despite this attention, intraspecific variation has largely been ignored within Salamandra-species. The aim of this study was to investigate whether geographic variation in profiles of samandarines exists, by sampling 4 populations of Salamandra atra over its range in the Dinaric Alps. In addition, we preliminary explored whether potential variation could be explained by predation (counting the number of snake species) and infection risk (cultivation and genomic analyses of collected soil samples). Salamanders from the 4 populations differed in toxin composition and in the size of their poison glands, although not in overall toxin quantity. Nor predation nor infection risk could explain this variation, as populations barely differed in these variables. Sampling over a much broader geographic range, using better estimators for predation and infection risk, will contribute to an improved understanding of how environment may shape variation in chemical defenses. Nevertheless, as the 4 populations of S. atra did differ in their toxin profiles, we propose that this species provides an interesting opportunity for further ecological and evolutionary studies on amphibian toxins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%