Sampling Foods for Mycotoxins

Tb, Whitaker

doi:10.1080/02652030500241587

Cited by 130 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Detailed studies on the variability associated with sampling, sample preparation and laboratory testing of feed and feed commodities have been conducted in the USA by Whitaker [16]. This resulted in a series of sampling plans for different mycotoxin-commodity combinations, outlined in Fig.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food

2007

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Regulations relating to mycotoxins have been established in many countries to protect the consumer from the harmful effects of these compounds. Different factors play a role in the decision-making process of setting limits for mycotoxins. These include scientific factors, for example the availability of toxicological data and occurrence data, detailed knowledge about possibilities for sampling and analysis, and socio-economic issues. By the end of 2003, approximately 100 countries (covering approximately 85% of the world's inhabitants) had specific regulations or detailed guidelines for mycotoxins in food. The regulations were related to aflatoxins (B 1 , B 2 , G 1 and G 2 ), aflatoxin M 1 , trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin), fumonisins (B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 ), agaric acid, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxin A, patulin, phomopsins, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone. In Europe, and in particular in the EU, regulatory and scientific interest in mycotoxins has undergone a development in the last decade from autonomous national activity towards more EU-driven activity with a structural and network character. Harmonized EU limits now exist for 40 mycotoxin-food combinations. It is expected this number will grow in 2007 to approximately 50. The direct or indirect influence of European organizations and programs on the EU mycotoxin regulatory developments is significant. They include the European Food Safety Authority, the Scientific Cooperation on Questions relating to Food, the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, the creation of an EU Community Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and a mandate of the EC to the European Standardization Committee in methods for analysis for mycotoxins in food. Large pan-European research and networking projects as "BioCop" and "MoniQA" are also important.

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Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food

2007

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“…Sampling bulk grains for mycotoxins requires a well-characterised sampling plan with an understanding of their distribution in the larger bulk. For aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol (DON) in maize, and DON in wheat, reliable information exists (Whitaker, 2006). In the case of OTA, Dr. Thomas Whitaker provided preliminary information on an operating curve for this mycotoxin in wheat and oats from a large Canadian study.…”

Section: Mycotoxin Sampling and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins that affect the North American agri-food sector: state of the art and directions for the future

Miller

Schaafsma

Bhatnagar

et al. 2014

WMJ

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This paper summarises workshop discussions at the 5 th international MYCORED meeting in Ottawa, Canada ( June 2012) with over 200 participants representing academics, government and industry scientists, government officials and farming organisations (present in roughly equal proportions) from 27 countries. Workshops centred on how mycotoxins in food and feed affect value chains and trade in the region covered by the North American Free Trade Agreement. Crops are contaminated by one or more of five important mycotoxins in parts of Canada and the United States every year, and when contaminated food and feed are consumed in amounts above tolerable limits, human and animal health are at risk. Economic loss from such contamination includes reduced crop yield, grain quality, animal productivity and loss of domestic and export markets. A systematic effort by grain producers, primary, transfer, and terminal elevators, millers and food and feed processers is required to manage these contaminants along the value chain. Workshops discussed lessons learned from investments in plant genetics, fungal genomics, toxicology, analytical and sampling science, management strategies along the food and feed value chains and methods to ameliorate the effects of toxins in grain on animal production and on reducing the impact of mycotoxins on population health in developing countries. These discussions were used to develop a set of priorities and recommendations.

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“…A total of 204 peanut samples of different varieties were collected in the two districts using the procedure of Whitaker [6]. Peanuts stored in sacks or boxes were sampled from different parts using a closed spear driven through the top and sides of each sack or box to obtain a total of 0.5 kg of sample.…”

Section: Laboratory Procedures Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%