Sampling in design research: Eight key considerations

Cash, Philip; Isaksson, Ola; Maier, Anja; Summers, Joshua D.

doi:10.1016/j.destud.2021.101077

Cited by 87 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Hence, not only restrictions in peer support, but also other factors such as the prolonged period of time that schools were closed the year before may explain this decrease in students' mathematics achievement. Although the sample of this study may not be considered small, it also cannot be considered either as large or as representative of a big population [90,91]. For this reason, caution is advised when interpreting the results obtained from this research.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Restrictions and Its Influence on Students’ Mathematics Achievement in Spain

Miravet

Alegre

2022

Education Sciences

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COVID-19 restrictions in schools worldwide constitute an important limitation for peer support among students. The masks, the distance between tables or the established sitting order are new challenges that both students and teachers must face in Spain. The conventional strategies that took place among students prior to the COVID-19 pandemic have been altered. In this study, the mathematics achievement of high-school students prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic is examined. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. A total of 368 students from 9th grade (ages 14 to 15) participated in this research. Statistically significant differences were reported when comparing the mathematics achievement of pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 students (t = 22.21, p < 0.01). An overall negative effect size of −2.32 was reported for those students with COVID-19 restrictions. Mathematics achievement scores were 9.90% lower for the group with restrictions. No statistically significant differences were reported when analyzing results by gender or repeating condition. The qualitative information supported the quantitative findings. Alterations in peer support was identified as one of the main factors that could explain this decrease. The main conclusion of this study is that current restrictions due to COVID-19 could be producing an important decrease in students’ mathematics achievements.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Restrictions and Its Influence on Students’ Mathematics Achievement in Spain

Miravet

Alegre

2022

Education Sciences

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“…All responding firms were sampled from UK-based manufacturing firms. This may limit the generalizability of the findings to other countries and industries (Cash et al, 2022).…”

Section: Limitations and Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Walking the managerial tightrope: top management involvement in product innovation projects

Felekoğlu

Durmuşoğlu

Maier

et al. 2022

EJIM

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PurposeThis study examines how technical drivers as well as social drivers influence organic communication and top management involvement (TMI) in new product development (NPD) projects. Technical drivers are of strategic importance and product innovativeness and social drivers are of intrinsic and extrinsic relevance. Organic communication is defined as continuous, bidirectional and informal communication between top management and the NPD teams. Further, arguing that TMI must be studied as a multifaceted construct, it is conceptualized to occur as guidance, active motivation and providing resources and creating a tolerant climate. Subsequently, the effect of TMI and organic communication on NPD performance is investigated.Design/methodology/approachThe data set, collected via surveys from top managers and project managers involved in 86 NPD projects in 85 firms, is analyzed using PLS structural equation modeling.FindingsThe authors show that the strategic importance of the project has a positive influence on TMI through active motivation, providing resources and creating a tolerant climate for innovation, but does not have an effect on guidance. Results also show that active motivation and organic communication improve budget and schedule adherence, whereas providing guidance and stimulating a tolerant climate have detrimental effects. In summary, the results show that only active motivation enhances all types of performance while stimulating a tolerant climate appears to have the opposite effect. The results revealed that organic communication between top management and the NPD team has a strong positive effect on all elements of TMI (providing guidance, actively motivating the NPD team, providing resources and creating a tolerant climate). In other words, when top management communicates with the NPD team throughout the project in an informal way and listens to them in addition to engaging in a one-way communication, they are more likely to be seen by the team as being deeply involved in the project.Practical implicationsExecutives must walk a managerial tightrope to actively motivate and to assist in providing resources, yet they must not be overbearing with direct guidance and must limit their tolerance for failures.Originality/valueInvolvement of key organizational actors such as top management and the link to project performance has attracted significant attention in research. However, nuanced empirical insights into the dyad of top management and project teams has so far been absent. The study’s findings detail the effect of technical and social drivers of top management involvement in new product development projects. Most notably, (1) the effect of motivation and stimulating a tolerant climate on performance, and (2) the effect of organic communication on top management involvement. Moreover, this study is unique in that it empirically examines TMI from both top management and team perspectives.

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“…We recruited participants who worked in an engineering context on hardware products and excluded those who worked as independent contractors or primarily in software. As this work represents the discovery and description step in theory-building research (Cash et al 2022 ), we purposefully sampled participants through our professional networks first. All of those contacted through the researchers’ networks participated or offered another candidate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Why couldn’t we do this more often?”: exploring the feasibility of virtual and distributed work in product design engineering

et al. 2022

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Lower costs and higher employee satisfaction are some of the benefits driving organizations to adopt dispersed and virtual working arrangements. Despite these advantages, product design engineering teams—those who develop physical products—have not widely adopted this working style due to perceived critical dependence on physical facilities and the belief that it is ineffective to communicate technical details virtually. This paper uses the mass shift in working conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic to explore the feasibility of virtual and distributed work in product design engineering. We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with product design engineers working virtually to uncover current challenges of, and the beginning of promising strategies for, effective virtual engineering work. We categorize and analyze Tangible Design activities, Intangible Design activities, and Communication and Project Management activities throughout the product design process. Contrary to present opinions, we found that much of a product design engineer's work is realizable in a virtual and distributed setting. However, there are still many challenges, especially when attempting Tangible Design activities—those that require physical products and tools—from home. These challenges, missing from existing virtual product design engineering literature, include but are not limited to individuals’ lessened sense of accountability, fewer de-risking opportunities before product sign-off, and limited supervision of production staff. Product design engineers described novel strategies that emerged organically to mitigate these challenges, such as creating digital alternatives for engineering reviews and sign-offs and leveraging rapid prototyping. Recent advances in technology, an increased commitment to reducing environmental impact, and better work-life balance expectations from new generations of workers will only push society faster towards a distributed working model. Thus, it is critical that we use this opportunity to understand the existing challenges for distributed product design engineers, so that organizations can best prepare and become resilient to future shocks.

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Sampling in design research: Eight key considerations

Cited by 87 publications

References 49 publications

COVID-19 Restrictions and Its Influence on Students’ Mathematics Achievement in Spain

COVID-19 Restrictions and Its Influence on Students’ Mathematics Achievement in Spain

Walking the managerial tightrope: top management involvement in product innovation projects

“Why couldn’t we do this more often?”: exploring the feasibility of virtual and distributed work in product design engineering

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