Sand Topdressing Applications Improve Shear Strength and Turfgrass Density on Trafficked Athletic Fields

Kowalewski, Alec; Rogers, John N.; Crum, James R.; Dunne, Jeffrey C.

doi:10.21273/horttech.20.5.867

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These findings suggest that recommendations for sand root‐zone selection, whether it be those provided by the USGA (28), ASTM (1,2), or Henderson et al (13), should be taken into consideration when selecting a cost‐effective sand topdressing material. Similar to research conducted by Kowalewski et al (15, 16), results also suggest that the benefits of sand topdressing increase when applications are repeated annually.…”

Section: Suggestions For Field Managerssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Sand topdressing has been used to develop a sand profile on golf course putting greens for over thirty years (6), and sand‐based athletic fields have been shown to provide a high‐quality athletic field on a worldwide level (5,17,23). Sand topdressing provides a number of advantages to a playing surface, including increased turfgrass density (16), cover (4,31), rooting (18), and shear strength (4,5,16,18,27). Research has also shown that sand topdressing can be used to improve surface drainage and decrease surface water runoff (15), which are important factors when trying to provide a relatively dry, stable playing surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Heavy Sand and Crumb Rubber Topdressing Improves Kentucky Bluegrass Wear Tolerance

Kowalewski

Dunne

Rogers

et al. 2011

Applied Turfgrass Science

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sand topdressing and crumb rubber can be used to improve native soil athletic field playability. However, there is a wide range in the physical properties, price, and availability of these materials. The objective of this field research was to evaluate the effects of various topdressing materials on the autumn wear tolerance and surface stability of a well established Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) stand. Research was conducted on a sandy loam in East Lansing, MI, to evaluate the effects of four different sand‐based materials with a range of physical properties, crumb rubber, a treatment that received sand then crumb rubber and a non‐topdressed control. In the first summer, 4.8 cm of sand‐based topdressing material, 2.4 cm of crumb rubber, and 2.4 cm of sand then 2.4 cm of crumb rubber was accumulated over their respective plots. Turf was subjected to simulated traffic using the Cady traffic simulator from mid‐October through mid‐November. In 2009, topdressing applications and subsequent traffic were repeated on the same experimental plots. Visual percent living ground cover (0 to 100%) and Clegg turf shear tester (TST) strength were measured. The control, while producing some of the greatest turf shear tester strength, provided the lowest turfgrass cover: 46.7% in 2008 and 35.0% in 2009. Crumb rubber, while being the most expensive topdressing material, provided the greatest turfgrass cover: 85.0% in 2008 and 90.0% in 2009. All sands provided comparable living ground cover and turf shear tester strength with the exception of a poorly‐graded sand, which produced the lowest shear tester strength values in 2008.

show abstract

Section: Suggestions For Field Managerssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Sand and Crumb Rubber Topdressing Improves Kentucky Bluegrass Wear Tolerance

Kowalewski

Dunne

Rogers

et al. 2011

Applied Turfgrass Science

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Athletic field research has also shown that sand topdressing can be used to improve the characteristic of the playing surface. For instance, Kowalewski et al (2010) determined that a 1.3-cm topdressing depth applied during a 5-week period in the summer will provide improved shoot density and surface shear strength in the subsequent fall. Miller (2008) observed increased surface shear strength, percent cover, and rooting in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Native Soil Athletic Fields With Intercept Drain Tile Installation and Subsequent Sand Topdressing Applications

Kowalewski¹,

Crum

Rogers

et al. 2011

Soil Science

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intercept drain tile installation and subsequent sand topdressing applications can provide a built-up sand-based system. There are a number of different intercept drain tile spacing and sand layer depth recommendations. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of intercept drain tile spacing on the surface runoff, soil water content, and surface shear strength of a compacted sandy loam with sand topdressing. A single factor, RCBD field study in East Lansing, Michigan, was seeded May 29, 2007, with a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)Y perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mixture. Intercept drain tiles were spaced 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0 m apart and were compared with an 8.1-m-long control without intercept drain tiles. Well-graded sand (90.0% sand, 7.0% silt, and 3.0% clay) was used for topdressing. After the accumulation of a 2.4-cm sand layer, simulated traffic at two applications per week was applied to all treatments using the Cady traffic simulator from October 10 to November 3, 2007. In 2008, topdressing, providing a 4.8-cm depth accumulated during a 2-year period, and traffic were repeated on the same experimental treatments. When a 2.4-cm sand layer is present, surface runoff and soil water content are generally directly related to intercept drain tile spacing, and drain tiles, spaced 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 m apart, will provide increased surface shear strength. As topdressing depths were accumulated to a 4.8-cm sand layer depth in 2008, no differences in surface shear strength were observed regardless of drain tile spacing.

show abstract

“…Increased sand topdressing minimized the loss of density and uniformity that occurred in lower N and lower mowing plots. Additionally, greater topdressing lessened symptoms of scalping injury that appeared at times and negatively affected turf quality in plots mowed at 2.3 m. Several studies have reported that sand topdressing maintained density under traffic, while nontopdressed plots lost density (Baker et al, 2007; Miller, 2008; Kowalewski et al, 2010). McCarty et al (2007) and White and Dickens (1984) observed that sand topdressing reduced scalping of creeping bentgrass and bermudagrass [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Best Management Practices Effects on Anthracnose Disease of Annual Bluegrass

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Increased N fertilization, mowing height, and sand topdressing are management practices that can suppress anthracnose disease of annual bluegrass [Poa annua L. f. reptans (Hausskn) T. Koyama; ABG] caused by Colletotrichum cereale Manns. A 3‐yr field study evaluated the relative importance and interactions of these factors on anthracnose severity, turfgrass quality, and ball roll distance (BRD) on ABG turf in North Brunswick, NJ. A factorial combination of mowing height (2.3 and 3.2 mm), N fertilization (100 and 200 kg ha−1 yr−1), and sand topdressing (46 and 98 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in 2012; 37 and 81 Mg ha−1 yr−1 during 2013 and 2014) was arranged in a split‐split‐plot design with four replications. The practice of applying greater N fertilization (200 kg ha−1) provided the greatest reduction in disease severity and improvement in quality than the practices of higher mowing (3.2 mm) or greater sand topdressing (98 or 81 Mg ha−1). Combining greater N with higher mowing and greater sand topdressing provided acceptable disease suppression without the use of fungicides during moderate but not severe anthracnose epidemics. Higher mowing often produced unacceptable BRD (<2.9 m) especially when combined with greater N fertilization; whereas, under lower mowing, BRD was acceptable on most observation dates (91–96%) and less influenced by greater N fertilization. Thus, when adjustments in best practices for anthracnose management are needed to enhance BRD; lowering the mowing height will provide that enhancement while not greatly increasing the risk for anthracnose especially when greater N and increased topdressing practices are also employed.

show abstract

Sand Topdressing Applications Improve Shear Strength and Turfgrass Density on Trafficked Athletic Fields

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Heavy Sand and Crumb Rubber Topdressing Improves Kentucky Bluegrass Wear Tolerance

Heavy Sand and Crumb Rubber Topdressing Improves Kentucky Bluegrass Wear Tolerance

Improving Native Soil Athletic Fields With Intercept Drain Tile Installation and Subsequent Sand Topdressing Applications

Best Management Practices Effects on Anthracnose Disease of Annual Bluegrass

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About