SARS coronavirus 2 and central nervous system manifestations: causation, relation, or coexistence? a case series study and literature review

Daneshi, Seyed Abdolhadi; Taheri, M. Reza; Fattahi, Arash

doi:10.1080/02688697.2020.1861433

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Despite being initially described as a respiratory disease, in the course of time it was observed that other organs and systems could be affected by COVID-19, such as cardiovascular system ( 5 ), central nervous system ( 6 ), kidney ( 7 ), liver ( 8 ), among others. Endocrine system is also affected by COVID-19, including pancreas, adrenal, testicle, reproductive tract, parathyroid gland and the thyroid gland ( 9 – 14 ) ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Covid-19 and Thyroid Gland: General Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far?

Rossetti

Cazarin²,

Hecht³

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was characterized as a pandemic in March, 2020 by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is a respiratory syndrome that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction, and eventually death. Despite being considered a respiratory disease, it is known that other organs and systems can be affected in COVID-19, including the thyroid gland. Thyroid gland, as well as hypothalamus and pituitary, which regulate the functioning of most endocrine glands, express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main protein that functions as a receptor to which SARS-CoV-2 binds to enter host cells. In addition, thyroid gland is extremely sensitive to changes in body homeostasis and metabolism. Immune system cells are targets for thyroid hormones and T3 and T4 modulate specific immune responses, including cell-mediated immunity, natural killer cell activity, the antiviral action of interferon (IFN) and proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes. However, studies show that patients with controlled hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism do not have a higher prevalence of COVID-19, nor do they have a worse prognosis when infected with the virus. On the other hand, retrospective observational studies, prospective studies, and case reports published in the last two years reported abnormal thyroid function related to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or even several weeks after its resolution. Indeed, a variety of thyroid disorders have been documented in COVID-19 patients, including non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), subacute thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. In addition, thyroid disease has already been reported as a consequence of the administration of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Overall, the data revealed that abnormal thyroid function may occur during and in the convalescence post-COVID condition phase. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not completely understood, the evidence suggests that the “cytokine storm” is an important mediator in this context. Thus, future studies are needed to better investigate the pathophysiology of thyroid dysfunction induced by COVID-19 at both molecular and clinical levels.

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Section: Covid-19 and Thyroid Gland: General Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far?

Rossetti

Cazarin²,

Hecht³

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The extent of CNS involvement can be influenced by various factors such as genetic predisposition, comorbidities, and environmental factors, which can increase COVID-19 patient's risk of adverse outcomes. Coronaviruses have been shown to invade vascular endothelial cells, which allows the viral particles to directly access CNS neural and glial cells, resulting in a myriad of pathological cerebrovascular changes [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. A case series study by Mao et al [ 8 ] showed that patients who developed severe COVID-19 infection according to their respiratory status had neurologic manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A History of Cerebrovascular Disease Is Independently Associated with Increased Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cohort Study of 369,563 COVID-19 Cases in the USA

et al. 2021

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Objectives: We set out to evaluate the risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and subsequent cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in the population with a prior diagnosis of CVD within the past 10 years. Methods: We utilized the TriNetX Analytics Network to query 369,563 COVID-19 cases up to December 30, 2020. We created 8 cohorts of patients with COVID-19 diagnosis based on a previous diagnosis of CVD. We measured the odds ratios, relative risks, risk differences for hospitalizations, ICU/critical care services, intubation, mortality, and CVD recurrence within 90 days of COVID-19 diagnosis, compared to a propensity-matched cohort with no prior history of CVD within 90 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: 369,563 patients had a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 with a subset of 22,497 (6.09%) patients with a prior diagnosis of CVD within 10 years. All cohorts with a CVD diagnosis had an increased risk of hospitalization, critical care services, and mortality within 90 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Additionally, the data demonstrate that any history of CVD is associated with significantly increased odds of subsequent CVD post-COVID-19 compared to a matched control. Conclusions: CVD, a known complication of COVID-19, is more frequent in patients with a prior history of CVD. Patients with any previous diagnosis of CVD are at higher risks of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 infection. In patients admitted to the ED due to COVID-19 symptoms, these risk factors should be promptly identified as delayed or missed risk stratification and could lead to an ineffective and untimely diagnosis of subsequent CVD, which would lead to protracted hospitalization and poor prognosis.

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SARS coronavirus 2 and central nervous system manifestations: causation, relation, or coexistence? a case series study and literature review

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far?

COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far?

A History of Cerebrovascular Disease Is Independently Associated with Increased Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Cohort Study of 369,563 COVID-19 Cases in the USA

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