SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections induce somatically hypermutated broadly neutralizing antibodies against heterologous variants

Abstract

Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants feature highly mutated spike proteins with extraordinary abilities in evading acute-infection-induced germline antibodies isolated earlier in the pandemic. We identified that memory B cells from Delta variant breakthrough-infection patients expressed antibodies with more extensive somatic hypermutations (SHMs) allowing isolation of a number of broadly neutralizing antibodies with activities against heterologous variants of concerns (VOCs) including Omicron variant. Structural studies identified that SHM introduced altered amino acids and highly unusual HCDR2 insertions respectively in two representative broadly neutralizing antibodies - YB9-258 and YB13-292. Previously, insertion/deletion were rarely reported for antiviral antibodies except for those induced by HIV-1 chronic infections. Identified SHMs involved heavily in epitope recognition, they broadened neutralization breadth by rendering antibodies resistant to VOC mutations highly detrimental to previously isolated antibodies targeting similar epitopes. These data provide molecular mechanisms for enhanced immunity to heterologous SARS-CoV-2 variants after repeated antigen exposures with implications for future vaccination strategy.