SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

Uddin, Mohammed; Mustafa, Farah; Rizvi, Tahir A.; Loney, Tom; Suwaidi, Hanan Al; Al-Marzouqi, Ahmed H.; Eldin, Afaf Kamal; Alsabeeha, Nabeel H. M.; Adrian, Thomas E.; Stefanini, Cesare; Nowotny, Norbert; Alsheikh‐Ali, Alawi A.; Senok, Abiola

doi:10.3390/v12050526

Cited by 223 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…Some reviews related to patients who received transfusion with CP showed a reduction in viral load, improvement in clinical symptoms, better radiological findings, and improved survival (260,261,(271)(272)(273). In addition, after having received CP containing nAbs, COVID-19 patients had significant improvements from the beginning of treatment (until 22 days), presenting lower fever, decreased viral load, and higher nAbs levels.…”

Section: Antibody-based Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

et al. 2020

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been classified as a global threat, affecting millions of people and killing thousands. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly spreading worldwide. COVID-19 is a disease with symptoms that range from fever and breathing difficulty to acute respiratory distress and death, critically affecting older patients and people with previous comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, which it then uses to reach several organs. The immune system of infected patients has been demonstrated to suffer important alterations, such as lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes, excessive amounts of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages, especially in the lungs, and cytokine storms, which may contribute to its severity and difficulty of establishing an effective treatment. Even though no specific treatment is currently available, several studies have been investigating potential therapeutic strategies, including the use of previously approved drugs and immunotherapy. In this context, this review addresses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the patient's host immune system during infection, in addition to discussing the main immunopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease and potential new therapeutic approaches.

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Section: Antibody-based Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

et al. 2020

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“…The impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare, social and economic structures across the world is unprecedented. 1 With over 21 million laboratory-confirmed cases globally (as of 17th August 2020), widespread testing to rapidly identify SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and ensure appropriate implementation of isolation measures and contact tracing has been a crucial element in the strategy to contain the pandemic. Nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) has been used as the gold standard respiratory specimen for SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Saliva as an Alternative Specimen for Molecular COVID-19 Testing in Community Settings and Population-Based Screening</p>

Senok¹,

Suwaidi²,

Atrah³

et al. 2020

IDR

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With the easing of restriction measures, repeated community-based sampling for tracking new COVID-19 infections is anticipated for the next 6 to 12 months. A noninvasive, self-collected specimen like saliva will be useful for such public health surveillance. Investigations on the use of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR have largely been among COVID-19 in-pa\tients and symptomatic ambulatory patients with limited work in a community-based screening setting. This study was carried out to address this paucity of data and reported discrepancies in diagnostic accuracy for saliva samples. Patients and Methods: From 29th June to 14th July 2020, adults presenting for COVID-19 testing at a community-based screening facility in Dubai, United Arab Emirates were recruited. Clinical data, nasopharyngeal swab in universal transport media and drooling saliva in sterile containers were obtained. Reverse transcriptase PCR amplification of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and N genes was used to detect the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Results: Of the 401 participants, 35 (8.7%) had viral detection in at least one specimen type and the majority (n=20/35; 57.1%) were asymptomatic. Both swab and saliva were positive in 19 (54.2%) patients, while 7 (20.0%) patients had swab positive/saliva negative results. There were 9 (25.7%) patients with saliva positive/swab negative result and this included 5 asymptomatic COVID-19 patients undergoing repeat screening. Using the swab as the reference gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of saliva were 73.1% (95% CI 52.2-88.4%) and 97.6% (95% CI 95.5-98.9%) while the positive and negative predictive values were 67.9% (95% CI 51.5-80.8%) and 98.1% (95% CI 96.5-99.0%), respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest good diagnostic accuracy for saliva and feasibility of utilization of specimen without transport media for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Saliva represents a potential specimen of choice in community settings and population-based screening.

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“…Em 11 de fevereiro de 2020, a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS, 2020) nomeou como a doença coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) [1,2,3] . Em 11 de março, a OMS decretou pandemia devido ao aumentou da propagação do vírus no mundo e o elevado risco de impacto do COVID-19 em nível global [4] .…”

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“…As evidências atuais sugerem que a SARS-CoV-2 provavelmente é um vírus zoonótico e é transmitido principalmente pela inalação de gotículas infectadas expelidas quando um paciente infectado tosse ou espirra. A contaminação ocorre quando tocamos a mãos em superfícies contaminadas por gotículas e levamos ao rosto, olhos ou nariz [1,6] .…”

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“…As características clínicas mais comuns pelos pacientes com SARS-CoV-2 são febre, tosse seca e falta de ar [1] . Além disso, a taxa de mortalidade foi demonstrada com o menor risco entre os menores de 19 a 54 anos e o risco de mortalidade aumentado na faixa etária de 55 a 84 anos, com a maior taxa de mortalidade de 10,4% a 27,3% nas pessoas com idade ≥ 85 anos [1,7,8,9] . O primeiro caso na América Latina foi confirmado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020, na metrópole de São Paulo, a cidade mais populosa do hemisfério sul (11 milhões de indivíduos, IBGE).…”

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Estudo observacional retrospectivo sobre as repercussões da Infecção do Sars-CoV-2 e COVID-19 no Estado de São Paulo

Gomes

2020

IAJMH

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Introdução: O primeiro caso confirmado com Sars-CoV-2 na América Latina foi em 26 de fevereiro de 2020, na metrópole de São Paulo, a cidade mais populosa do hemisfério sul. Objetivo: Descrever as repercussões da transmissão do vírus Sars-CoV-2, bem como as características dos números de casos e óbitos confirmados pela Doença do Coronavírus-2019 no Estado de São Paulo entre o dia 26 de fevereiro de 2020 a 02 de julho de 2020. Método: Estudo observacional retrospectivo descritivo, baseado nos dados informados sobre números de casos, óbitos, faixa etária e fatores de risco dos boletins epidemiológicos e Painel do COVID-19 do Ministério da Saúde, Painel da InfoGripe da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz e os boletins epidemiológicos da Secretaria de Saúde do Governo de São Paulo. Resultados: Entre a 1º a 26o semana epidemiológica os números de casos e óbitos pela Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave foram maiores (p=0,00) em comparação com o total de casos e óbitos por Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave no mesmo período de 2019. Os homens com mais de 60 anos de idade, que possuem pelo menos um fato de risco, apresentaram maior chance de desenvolver a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave e evoluírem ao óbito. Considerações finais: O Estado de São Paulo é o atual epicentro do Sars-CoV-2 no Brasil e os dados apontam para o aumento dos casos e óbitos no interior do Estado sendo necessário a manutenção das medidas de isolamento social.

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SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

Cited by 223 publications

References 113 publications

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19

<p>Saliva as an Alternative Specimen for Molecular COVID-19 Testing in Community Settings and Population-Based Screening</p>

Estudo observacional retrospectivo sobre as repercussões da Infecção do Sars-CoV-2 e COVID-19 no Estado de São Paulo

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