SARS-CoV-2 in environmental perspective: Occurrence, persistence, surveillance, inactivation and challenges

Mohan, S. Venkata; Hemalatha, M.; Kopperi, Harishankar; Ranjith, I.; Kumar, Arbind

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126893

Cited by 125 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 225 publications

(478 reference statements)

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“…In this study we carried out two sampling campaigns during May 2020, a period with Understanding the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta could lead to efficient monitoring and surveillance of this virus as well as to underpin the important of such environmental surveillance 9 . Our results also demonstrate the need for an inner-city sewer sampling design to overcome dilution effect that can eventually affect the sensitivity and validity of this surveillance method.…”

Section: Viral Load Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10.19.20215244 doi: medRxiv preprint NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. 8 School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel 9 KANDO, Environment Services Ltd, Tsor St 8, Kokhav Ya'ir Tzur Yigal, Israel. 10 Unit of Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva,…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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City-level SARS-CoV-2 sewage surveillance

Yaniv

Shagan

Kramarsky‐Winter

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic created a global crisis impacting not only healthcare systems, but also world economies and society. Recent data have indicated that fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 is common, and that viral RNA can be detected in wastewater. This suggests that wastewater monitoring is a potentially efficient tool for both epidemiological surveillance, and early warning for SARS-CoV-2 circulation at the population level. In this study we sampled an urban wastewater infrastructure in the city of Ashkelon, Israel, during the end of the first COVID-19 wave in May 2020 when the number of infections seemed to be waning. We were able to show varying presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater from several locations in the city during two sampling periods. This was expressed as a new index, Normalized Viral Load (NVL), which can be used in different area scales to define levels of virus activity such as red (high) or green (no), and to follow morbidity in the population at tested area. Our index showed the rise in viral load between the two sampling periods (one week apart) and indicated an increase in morbidity that was evident a month later in the population. Thus, this methodology may provide an early indication for SARS-CoV-2 infection outbreak in a population before an outbreak is clinically apparent.

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Section: Viral Load Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

City-level SARS-CoV-2 sewage surveillance

Yaniv

Shagan

Kramarsky‐Winter

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…В отличие от них, бетакоронавирусы из рода Merbecovirus, к которому принадлежит вирус ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (Middle East respiratory syndrome, MERSCoV), вызвавший вспышку атипичной пневмонии на Ближнем Востоке в 2012 г., используют мем бранные протеолитические ферменты кле точной поверхности в качестве рецепторов, такие как дипептидилпептидаза 4 (DPP4) [4]. Общие сведения о SARSCoV2, его таксономии и геноме, предполагаемых природных резерву арах, из которых он проникает в популяции людей, патогенезе и клинике вызываемой бо лезни, возможные пути передачи в популя циях людей и целевые сайты для различных лекарств 4 приведены на рисунках 1 [5], 2 [7], 3 [8] и 4 [9] соответственно.…”

Section: рисунок 1 -таксономия и классификация патогенных для людей кunclassified

“…В Италии генетический материал SARSCoV2 в сточных водах Милана и Турина обнаружен в образцах, отобранных в декабре 2019 г. 8 Но первые два случая COVID19 у китайских ту ристов в Италии установлены 31.01.2020 г. 9 В Российской Федерации со вспышками «сезонного гриппа» совпали вспышки тяжелой легочной инфекции в Уральском регионе и на юге России в ноябре 2019 г.…”

Section: Biological Security and Protection Against Biological Threatsunclassified

“…URL: https://www.abc.es/ciencia/abci-cientifico-britanico-afirma-coronavirusno-vino-china-sino-estado-aqui-siempre-202007062051_noticia.html?ref=https:%2F%2Finosmi.ru%2Fsocial%2F20 200710%2F247734996.html (дата обращения: 10.08.2020). 8 Kelland K. Italy sewage study suggests COVID-19 was there in December 2019. Reuters.…”

Section: Biological Security and Protection Against Biological Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 Pandemic as an Indicator of «Blank Spots» in Epidemiology and Infectious Pathology

2020

Journal of NBC Protection Corps

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The COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic revealed many «blank spots» in epidemiology at that very moment when humanity became confident that all epidemic disasters had remained in the distant past. The aim of this article is to study COVID-19 pandemic as an indicator of «blank spots» in epidemiology and infectious pathology. The article substantiates that the COVID-19 epidemic started much earlier than it was identified and recognized in China. The failure to establish the primary natural reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) among vertebrates suggests an expansion of searches for invertebrates. The reasons for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 may be the presence of numerous unidentified primary and secondary natural foci of the virus among animals living close to humans, the high transmissibility of the virus and its presymptomatic transmission. High transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is possible because: the binding energy of S1 protein of the virus with its receptor ACE2 is higher than that of viruses of closely related species; the virus penetrates into the endosomes of the cells more efficiently; because of the work of the replication-transcription complex, which counteracts the innate protective response of cells. The presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which has become the main reason for the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, is a consequence of the late detection of the virus by the innate immune system. Infected individual becomes contagious first, and then the specific symptomThe COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic revealed many «blank spots» in epidemiology at that very moment when humanity became confident that all epidemic disasters had remained in the distant past. The aim of this article is to study COVID-19 pandemic as an indicator of «blank spots» in epidemiology and infectious pathology. The article substantiates that the COVID-19 epidemic started much earlier than it was identified and recognized in China. The failure to establish the primary natural reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) among vertebrates suggests an expansion of searches for invertebrates. The reasons for the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 may be the presence of numerous unidentified primary and secondary natural foci of the virus among animals living close to humans, the high transmissibility of the virus and its presymptomatic transmission. High transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is possible because: the binding energy of S1 protein of the virus with its receptor ACE2 is higher than that of viruses of closely related species; the virus penetrates into the endosomes of the cells more efficiently; because of the work of the replication-transcription complex, which counteracts the innate protective response of cells. The presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which has become the main reason for the pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2, is a consequence of the late detection of the virus by the innate immune system. Infected individual becomes contagious first, and then the specific symptoms of the disease appear. It is suggested in the article, that the COVID-19 pandemic is not an independent event caused by the emergence of a «new virus» (like one more flu pandemic), but a manifestation of a more complex and dangerous phenomenon, i.e. a change of the phase of the centuries-old global pandemic cycle, when, due to the increase in the density of immunodeficient populations weakened by various pathologies (chronic diseases, accumulation of genetic defects, aging, etc.) and aggravated social problems, non-cyclic pandemics and cyclical low-contagious epidemics are replaced by cyclical ones caused by highly contagious pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 is not the last in these events. The severe clinical course of COVID-19 is caused by such poorly understood phenomena as «imbalance» of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, cytokine storm, septic course of the disease, the patient`s genetic factors and immunopathology, developed during the infectious process (antibody-dependent enhancement enhancement of infection, antigenic imprinting, antiphospholipid syndrome and other factors). Filling these «blank spots» will catalyze a research revolution in epidemiology and infectious pathologys of the disease appear. It is suggested in the article, that the COVID-19 pandemic is not an independent event caused by the emergence of a «new virus» (like one more flu pandemic), but a manifestation of a more complex and dangerous phenomenon, i.e. a change of the phase of the centuries-old global pandemic cycle, when, due to the increase in the density of immunodeficient populations weakened by various pathologies (chronic diseases, accumulation of genetic defects, aging, etc.) and aggravated social problems, non-cyclic pandemics and cyclical low-contagious epidemics are replaced by cyclical ones caused by highly contagious pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 is not the last in these events. The severe clinical course of COVID-19 is caused by such poorly understood phenomena as «imbalance» of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, cytokine storm, septic course of the disease, the patient`s genetic factors and immunopathology, developed during the infectious process (antibody-dependent enhancement enhancement of infection, antigenic imprinting, antiphospholipid syndrome and other factors). Filling these «blank spots» will catalyze a research revolution in epidemiology and infectious pathology

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