SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5: Evolving tropism and evasion of potent humoral responses and resistance to clinical immunotherapeutics relative to viral variants of concern

Aggarwal, Anupriya; Akerman, Anouschka; Milogiannakis, Vanessa; Silva, Mariana Ruiz; Walker, G. J.; Stella, Alberto Ospina; Kindinger, Andrea; Angelovich, Thomas A; Waring, Emily; Amatayakul-Chantler, Supavadee; Roth, Nathan; Manni, Sandro; Hauser, Thomas; Barnes, Thomas W.; Condylios, Anna; Yeang, Malinna; Wong, Maureen; Jean, Tyra; Foster, Charles S. P.; Christ, Daniel; Hoppe, Alexandra Carey; Munier, C. Mee Ling; Darley, D.R.; Churchill, Melissa; Stark, Damien; Matthews, Gail; Rawlinson, William D.; Kelleher, Anthony D.; Turville, Stuart

doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104270

Cited by 105 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…An increase in pathogenicity of BA.5 over BA.1 in K18-hACE2 mice may be associated with an increased reliance on TMPRSS2 106 . The early omicron variants tended to be less dependent on TMPRSS2 than original ancestral isolates, and showed an increased propensity to use the endocytic route of entry; a shift associated with lower pathogenicity and changes in spike 107,108 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased neurovirulence of omicron BA.5 and XBB variants over BA.1 in K18-hACE2 mice and human brain organoids

Stewart

Ellis

Yan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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A frequently repeated premise is that viruses evolve to become less pathogenic. This appears also to be true for SARS-CoV-2, although the increased level of immunity in human populations makes it difficult to distinguish between reduced intrinsic pathogenicity and increasing protective immunity. The reduced pathogenicity of the omicron BA.1 sub-lineage compared to earlier variants is well described and appears to be due to reduced utilization of TMPRRS2. That this reduced pathogenicity remains true for omicron BA.5 was recently reported. In sharp contrast, we show that a BA.5 isolate was significantly more pathogenic in K18-hACE2 mice than a BA.1 isolate, with BA.5 infection showing increased neurovirulence, encephalitis and mortality, similar to that seen for an original strain isolate. BA.5 also infected human cortical brain organoids to a greater extent than a BA.1 and original strain isolate. Neurons were the target of infection, with increasing evidence of neuron infection in COVID-19 patients. These results argue that while omicron virus may be associated with reduced respiratory symptoms, BA.5 shows increased neurovirulence compared to earlier omicron sub-variants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased neurovirulence of omicron BA.5 and XBB variants over BA.1 in K18-hACE2 mice and human brain organoids

Stewart

Ellis

Yan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…On the other hand, BA.4 and BA.5 cause a new wave of infection due to their capability of neutralizing previous antibodies [ 29 ]. BA.5, having greater sensitivity to TMPRSS2 inhibitors, increases the transmission and severity of the disease [ 30 ]. In India, the BA.4 and BA.5 variants were less severe, with less than 1% availability.…”

Section: Omicron Subvariantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: An Indian Perspective of Vaccination and Management

et al. 2023

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Omicron variants have highly influenced the entire globe. It has a high rate of transmissibility, which makes its management tedious. There are various subtypes of omicron, namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5. Currently, one omicron subvariant BF.7 is also immersed in some parts of India. Further studies are required for a better understanding of the new immersing SARS-CoV-2 subvariant of the omicron. They differ in the mutation of the spike proteins, which alters their attachment to the host receptor and hence modifies their virulence and adaptability. Delta variants have a great disastrous influence on the entire world, especially in India. While overcoming it, another mutant catches the pace. The Indian population is highly affected by omicron variants. It alters the entire management and diagnosis system against COVID-19. It demanded forcemeat in the health care system, both qualitatively and quantitively, to cope with the omicron wave. The alteration in spike protein, which is the major target of vaccines, leads to varied immunization against the subvariants. The efficacy of vaccines against the new variant was questioned. Every vaccine had a different shielding effect on the new variant. The hesitancy of vaccination was a prevalent factor in India that might have contributed to its outbreak. The prevalence of omicron, monkeypox, and tomato flu shared some similarities and distinct features when compared to their influence on the Indian population. This review emphasizes the changes omicron brings with it and how the Indian health care system outrage this dangerous variant.

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“…It soon became apparent from various studies that the ability of the AZD7442 combination to neutralize the Omicron variants was diminished. In one of the first reports, Aggarwal et al showed that cilgavimab had completely lost its effectiveness against B.1.1529, while tixagevimab had a 73.8-fold reduction compared to the A.2.2 ancestral strain [ 82 ]. Zhou et al reported a 359-fold activity decrease against BA.1 and 1920-fold against BA.2 compared to the D614G ancestral virus [ 83 ].…”

Section: Management Of Covid-19 In Pwhmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV and COVID-19 Co-Infection: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment

Basoulis

Mastrogianni

Voutsinas

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global medical emergency with a significant socio-economic impact. People with HIV (PWH), due to the underlying immunosuppression and the particularities of HIV stigma, are considered a vulnerable population at high risk. In this review, we report what is currently known in the available literature with regards to the clinical implications of the overlap of the two epidemics. PWH share the same risk factors for severe COVID-19 as the general population (age, comorbidities), but virological and immunological status also plays an important role. Clinical presentation does not differ significantly, but there are some opportunistic infections that can mimic or co-exist with COVID-19. PWH should be prime candidates for preventative COVID-19 treatments when they are available, but in the setting of resistant strains, this might be not easy. When considering small-molecule medications, physicians need to always remember to address potential interactions with ART, and when considering immunosuppressants, they need to be aware of potential risks for opportunistic infections. COVID-19 shares similarities with HIV in how the public perceives patients—with fear of the unknown and prejudice. There are opportunities for HIV treatment hidden in COVID-19 research with the leaps gained in both monoclonal antibody and vaccine development.

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5: Evolving tropism and evasion of potent humoral responses and resistance to clinical immunotherapeutics relative to viral variants of concern

Cited by 105 publications

References 43 publications

Increased neurovirulence of omicron BA.5 and XBB variants over BA.1 in K18-hACE2 mice and human brain organoids

Increased neurovirulence of omicron BA.5 and XBB variants over BA.1 in K18-hACE2 mice and human brain organoids

Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: An Indian Perspective of Vaccination and Management

HIV and COVID-19 Co-Infection: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Treatment

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