“Saving Precious Seconds”—A Novel Approach to Implementing a Low-Cost Earthquake Early Warning System with Node-Level Detection and Alert Generation

Prasanna, Raj; Chandrakumar, Chanthujan; Nandana, Rasika; Holden, Caroline; Punchihewa, Amal; Becker, Julia; Jeong, Seokho; Liyanage, Nandika Habaraduwa; Ravishan, Danuka; Sampath, Rangana; Tan, Marion Lara

doi:10.3390/informatics9010025

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Still, most of those capable of having official operational EEW are high-income countries/territories (e.g., Japan, West Coast USA, Taiwan etc.). These EEW systems are costly to deploy, implement, and maintain (Given et al, 2014;Prasanna et al, 2022). Because of high costs, lower-income countries have not had the same opportunity to access EEW as an earthquake mitigation tool.…”

Section: Social Eew Research Should Adapt To the Fast-changing Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of high costs, lower-income countries have not had the same opportunity to access EEW as an earthquake mitigation tool. However, low-cost alternative technological solutions, such as using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) (Cochran et al, 2011), smartphones and apps (Cardno, 2020;Bossu et al, 2022), and decentralized architectural networks (Prasanna et al, 2022) can make EEW more accessible to lower-income countries. Future social science research should investigate how these low-cost technological solutions will be utilized by various countries (e.g., highincome and low-income) as mitigation tools.…”

Section: Social Eew Research Should Adapt To the Fast-changing Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the social aspects of earthquake early warning: A literature review

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Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems aim to warn end-users of incoming ground shaking from earthquakes that have ruptured further afield, potentially reducing risks to lives and properties. EEW is a socio-technical system involving technical and social processes. This paper contributes to advancing EEW research by conducting a literature review investigating the social science knowledge gap in EEW systems. The review of 70 manuscripts found that EEW systems could benefit society, and the benefits may go beyond its direct function for immediate earthquake response. The findings also show that there are social processes involved in designing, developing, and implementing people-centered EEW systems. Therefore, social science research should not just be concerned with the end-user response but also investigate various stakeholders' involvement throughout the development process of EEW systems. Additionally, EEW is a rapidly evolving field of study, and social science research must take a proactive role as EEW technological capacities improve further and becomes more accessible to the public. To improve EEW effectiveness, further research is needed, including (1) advancing our understanding of why people take protective action or not, and ways to encourage appropriate action when alerted; (2) enhancing public understanding, investigating best practices for communicating, educating, and engaging with the public about EEW and overall earthquake resilience; and (3) keeping up with technological advances and societal changes and investigating how these changes impact communities' interactions with EEW from various standpoints including legal perspectives.

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Section: Social Eew Research Should Adapt To the Fast-changing Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Social Eew Research Should Adapt To the Fast-changing Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the social aspects of earthquake early warning: A literature review

et al. 2022

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“…To do this we undertook a survey in 2019 in Aotearoa New Zealand. Given Aotearoa New Zealand had no comprehensive EEW system in 2019 (Prasanna et al, 2022), the survey focussed on a hypothetical EEW context. Within the survey, we asked a range of questions about preferred EEW system attributes and anticipated responses to EEW, of which the general findings are reported in Becker et al (2020a).…”

Section: Prior Studies On Eew Perceptions Experiences and Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…delays to delivery of alerts including technological latencies in alerting channels, like cell broadcast or similar systems, will further delay when an alert can be delivered (Prasanna et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Earthquake Experience on Intentions to Respond to Earthquake Early Warnings

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Warning systems are essential for providing people with information so they can take protective action in response to perils. Systems need to be human-centered, which requires an understanding of the context within which humans operate. Therefore, our research sought to understand the human context for Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) in Aotearoa New Zealand, a location where no comprehensive EEW system existed in 2019 when we did this study. We undertook a survey of people's previous experiences of earthquakes, their perceptions of the usefulness of a hypothetical EEW system, and their intended responses to a potential warning (for example, Drop, Cover, Hold (DCH), staying still, performing safety actions). Results showed little difference in perceived usefulness of an EEW system between those with and without earthquake experience, except for a weak relationship between perceived usefulness and if a respondent's family or friends had previously experienced injury, damage or loss from an earthquake. Previous earthquake experience was, however, associated with various intended responses to a warning. The more direct, or personally relevant a person's experiences were, the more likely they were to intend to take a useful action on receipt of an EEW. Again, the type of experience which showed the largest difference was having had a family member or friend experience injury, damage or loss. Experience of participation in training, exercises or drills did not seem to prompt the correct intended actions for earthquake warnings; however, given the hypothetical nature of the study, it is possible people did not associate their participation in drills, for example, with a potential action that could be taken on receipt of an EEW. Our analysis of regional differences highlighted that intentions to mentally prepare on receipt of a warning were significantly higher for Canterbury region participants, most likely related to strong shaking and subsequent impacts experienced during the 2010–11 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence. Our research reinforces that previous experience can influence earthquake-related perceptions and behaviors, but in different ways depending on the context. Public communication and interventions for EEW could take into consideration different levels and types of experiences of the audience for greater success in response.

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“…As such, EEWS can be expensive to implement and maintain. In recent years multiple innovations, such as low-cost sensors (Wu and Mittal, 2021) and new networking architecture (Prasanna et al, 2022), have made it possible to have more affordable systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake early warning systems based on low-cost ground motion sensors: A systematic literature review

et al. 2022

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Earthquake early warning system (EEWS) plays an important role in detecting ground shaking during an earthquake and alerting the public and authorities to take appropriate safety measures, reducing possible damages to lives and property. However, the cost of high-end ground motion sensors makes most earthquake-prone countries unable to afford an EEWS. Low-cost Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based ground motion sensors are becoming a promising solution for constructing an affordable yet reliable and robust EEWS. This paper contributes to advancing Earthquake early warning (EEW) research by conducting a literature review investigating different methods and approaches to building a low-cost EEWS using MEMS-based sensors in different territories. The review of 59 articles found that low-cost MEMS-based EEWSs can become a feasible solution for generating reliable and accurate EEW, especially for developing countries and can serve as a support system for high-end EEWS in terms of increasing the density of the sensors. Also, this paper proposes a classification for EEWSs based on the warning type and the EEW algorithm adopted. Further, with the support of the proposed EEWS classification, it summarises the different approaches researchers attempted in developing an EEWS. Following that, this paper discusses the challenges and complexities in implementing and maintaining a low-cost MEMS-based EEWS and proposes future research areas to improve the performance of EEWSs mainly in 1) exploring node-level processing, 2) introducing multi-sensor support capability, and 3) adopting ground motion-based EEW algorithms for generating EEW.

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“Saving Precious Seconds”—A Novel Approach to Implementing a Low-Cost Earthquake Early Warning System with Node-Level Detection and Alert Generation

Cited by 24 publications

References 67 publications

Understanding the social aspects of earthquake early warning: A literature review

Understanding the social aspects of earthquake early warning: A literature review

The Effects of Earthquake Experience on Intentions to Respond to Earthquake Early Warnings

Earthquake early warning systems based on low-cost ground motion sensors: A systematic literature review

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