Scanner Digital Images Combined with Color Parameters: A Case Study to Detect Adulterations in Liquid Cow’s Milk

Abstract

This study presents a proposition of a low-cost screening method for detection and quantification of adulterations in liquid cow's milk samples. The studied adulterations were made with water and NaOH. Digital images from the adulterated samples were obtained using a flatbed scanner, and the means of ten color parameters were used to evaluate the information from images: red, green, blue, hue, saturation, value, relative colors (r, g, and b), and intensity. Regression models for water quantification were proposed using multiple linear regression (MLR), principal components regression (PCR), and partial least squares (PLS). The best models were obtained using PCR and PLS, with root mean square error for prediction smaller than 7%. These results were compared with near-infrared (NIR), and the prediction capability was very similar. In the case of adulterations with NaOH, the colors B, S, g, and b presented the highest differences between fresh and adulterated milk samples.

Determinação de fosfato em refrigerantes utilizando um scanner de mesa e análise automatizada de dados: um exemplo didático para ensino de química

“…11 Por sua vez, as imagens digitais também podem ser utilizadas para controle de qualidade. Por exemplo, Santos et al, 12,13 utilizaram imagens digitais obtidas com um scanner de mesa para verificar adulterações do leite.…”

Comparison of ICP OES and LIBS Analysis of Medicinal Herbs Rich in Flavonoids from Eastern Europe

“…In order to evaluate the quality of the proposed models standard error of cross-validation (SECV), standard error of calibration (SEC) and standard error of validation (SEV) values were used for multivariate calibration (PLS). 31 In the case of univariate models, the evaluation was conducted using SEC, SEV and LOD and LOQ. In both cases the data set was subdivided into calibration and validation sets.…”

Rapid detection and quantification of milk adulteration using infrared microspectroscopy and chemometrics analysis

“…In the event of fraudulent practice in the dairy industry, adequate control methods are required to evaluate the authenticity of milk and milk products. Methods involving application of electrical admittance spectroscopy (Sadat, Mustajab, & Khan, 2006), single frequency conductance measurements (Mabrook & Petty, 2003), digital image (Santos, Wentzell, & Pereira-Filho, 2011), chromatography (MacMahon, Begley, Diachenko, & Stromgren, 2012), ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy (Hsieh, Hung, & Kuo, 2011), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Asensio, Gonzalez, Garcıa, & Martın, 2008) and others (Recio, Garcia-Risco, Lopez-Fandino, Olano, & Ramos, 2000) have been applied to detect milk adulteration.…”