2007
DOI: 10.1007/bf03395586
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Schedule-Induced and Operant Mechanisms that Influence Response Variability: A Review and Implications for Future Investigations

Abstract: Response variability, a fundamental characteristic of behavior, may be in some cases an induced effect of reinforcement schedules. Research on schedule-induced response variability has shown that continuous reinforcement results in less variability than intermittent reinforcement schedules. Studies on the effects of intermittency of reinforcement, periodicity of reinforcement, and type of schedule have resulted in mixed findings. Contingencies have also been arranged to directly influence operant response vari… Show more

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Cited by 50 publications
(58 citation statements)
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“…Our findings confirm and extend previous results from behavioral studies showing that reinforcement contingencies can control the variability of response sequences (for reviews, see Lee et al, 2007;Neuringer, 2002Neuringer, , 2009. Indeed, various levels of variability in sequences of keys pecks and levers presses have been reinforced in animals (e.g., Machado, 1989Machado, , 1992Page & Neuringer, 1985) as well as in manual response sequences in humans (e.g., Hopkinson & Neuringer, 2003;Lee, McComas, & Jawor, 2002;Neuringer, 1986;Neuringer & Voss, 1993;Souza, Pontes, & AbreuRodrigues, 2012).…”
Section: Operant Control Of Saccadic Variabilitysupporting
confidence: 90%
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“…Our findings confirm and extend previous results from behavioral studies showing that reinforcement contingencies can control the variability of response sequences (for reviews, see Lee et al, 2007;Neuringer, 2002Neuringer, , 2009. Indeed, various levels of variability in sequences of keys pecks and levers presses have been reinforced in animals (e.g., Machado, 1989Machado, , 1992Page & Neuringer, 1985) as well as in manual response sequences in humans (e.g., Hopkinson & Neuringer, 2003;Lee, McComas, & Jawor, 2002;Neuringer, 1986;Neuringer & Voss, 1993;Souza, Pontes, & AbreuRodrigues, 2012).…”
Section: Operant Control Of Saccadic Variabilitysupporting
confidence: 90%
“…Without this manipulation the reinforcement rates might have been different in the frequent-contingency condition and in the rare-contingency condition which could affect behavioral variability independently of the operant contingencies in force, an effect that has been reported in other preparations (Grunow & Neuringer, 2002;Lee, Sturmey, & Fields, 2007;Neuringer, 2002). Furthermore, to prevent participants from moving their eyes back and forth between the same two items, the target presentation could not occur if the participant returned to the item previously fixated.…”
Section: Frequent-contingency Condition: Reinforcement Of Low Amplitumentioning
confidence: 89%
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“…For example, differential reinforcement of variability and lag reinforcement schedules, in which reinforcement is contingent upon the person displaying behavior that is novel or different from previous responses (Miller and Neuringer 2000;Lee et al 2007), have been used with persons with autism to increase diverse play behaviors and to decrease sameness behaviors such as time engaged in restricted behaviors and perseveration with objects (Boyd et al 2011). Also, there is a growing body of literature on the use of social scripts to increase social initiations, expand verbal repertoires, and ease participation into conversation (Ganz et al 2012;Lee and Sturmey 2014;Stevenson et al 2000).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, the increase in variations should then create more contact with natural reinforcement, and thus the response class will be more likely to be maintained in the natural environment. The basic and applied literature has a number of articles that show that response variability can be increased using either extinction and/or direct reinforcement (Lee, Sturmey, & Fields, 2007). Despite this, the research with children with autism, especially in applied situations, is not as extensive.…”
Section: Train To Generalizementioning
confidence: 99%