Science operation plan of Phobos and Deimos from the MMX spacecraft

Nakamura, Tomoki; Ikeda, Hitoshi; Kouyama, Toru; Nakagawa, Hiromu; Kusano, Hiroki; Senshu, Hiroki; Kameda, Shingo; Matsumoto, Koji; Gonzalez-Franquesa, Ferran; Ozaki, Naoya; Takeo, Yosuke; Baresi, Nicola; Oki, Yusuke; Lawrence, D. J.; Chabot, N. L.; Peplowski, P. N.; Barucci, Maria Antonietta; Sawyer, Eric; Yokota, Shoichiro; Terada, Naoki; Ulamec, Stephan; Michel, Patrick; Kobayashi, Masanori; Sasaki, Sho; Hirata, Naru; Wada, Koji; Miyamoto, H.; Imamura, Takeshi; Ogawa, Naoko; Ogawa, Kazunori; Iwata, T.; Imada, Takane; Otake, Hisashi; Canalias, Elisabet; Lorda, Laurence; Tardivel, Simon; Mary, Stéphane; Kunugi, Makoto; Mitsuhashi, Seiji; Doressoundiram, A.; Merlin, F.; Fornasier, S.; Réess, Jean-Michel; Bernardi, Pernelle; Imai, Shigeru; Ito, Yasuyuki; Ishida, H.; Kuramoto, Kiyoshi; Kawakatsu, Yasuhiro

doi:10.1186/s40623-021-01546-6

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The MMX mission is planned to be launched in 2024. After arrival at Phobos in 2025, remote investigations will start, which will include landing and sampling site selections (Nakamura et al 2021). The rover is currently planned to be delivered to the surface of Phobos in early 2027 and is expected to operate on Phobos for at least 100 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The MMX rover: performing in situ surface investigations on Phobos

Michel

Ulamec

Böttger

et al. 2022

Earth Planets Space

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The Japanese MMX sample return mission to Phobos by JAXA will carry a rover developed by CNES and DLR that will be deployed on Phobos to perform in situ analysis of the Martian moon’s surface properties. Past images of the surface of Phobos show that it is covered by a layer of regolith. However, the mechanical and compositional properties of this regolith are poorly constrained. In particular, from current remote images, very little is known regarding the particle sizes, their chemical composition, the packing density of the regolith as well as other parameters such as friction and cohesion that influence surface dynamics. Understanding the properties and dynamics of the regolith in the low-gravity environment of Phobos is important to trace back its history and surface evolution. Moreover, this information is also important to support the interpretation of data obtained by instruments onboard the main MMX spacecraft, and to minimize the risks involved in the spacecraft sampling operations. The instruments onboard the Rover are a Raman spectrometer (RAX), an infrared radiometer (miniRad), two forward-looking cameras for navigation and science purposes (NavCams), and two cameras observing the interactions of regolith and the rover wheels (WheelCams). The Rover will be deployed before the MMX spacecraft samples Phobos’ surface and will be the first rover to drive on the surface of a Martian moon and in a very low gravity environment. Graphic Abstract

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The MMX rover: performing in situ surface investigations on Phobos

Michel

Ulamec

Böttger

et al. 2022

Earth Planets Space

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“…The rotational model is computed by Rambaux et al [45] under the homogeneous assumption, which is expressed as: Considering the limited power capacity of the CubeSat, the geodesy campaign should take place during an eclipse-free season. One eclipse-free season is from March 2026 to June 2026 [46]. This period is promising for the Martian mission launched in the year 2024.…”

Section: Baseline Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mothership-Cubesat Radioscience for Phobos Geodesy and Autonomous Navigation

et al. 2022

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The knowledge of the interior structure (e.g., homogeneous, porous, or fractured) of Martian moons will lead to a better understanding of their formation as well as the early solar system. One approach to inferring the interior structure is via geodetic characteristics, such as gravity field and libration. Geodetic parameters can be derived from radiometric tracking measurements. A feasible mothership-CubeSat mission is proposed in this study with following purposes, (1) performing inter-sat Doppler measurements, (2) improving the understanding of Phobos as well as the dynamic model, (3) securing the mothership as well as the primary mission, and (4) supporting autonomous navigation, given the long distance between the Earth and Mars. This study analyzes budgets of volume, mass, power, deployment Δv, and link, and the Doppler measurement noise of the system, and gives a feasible design for the CubeSat. The accuracy of orbit determination and geodesy is revealed via the Monte-Carlo simulation of estimation considering all uncertainties. Under an ephemeris error of the Mars-Phobos system ranging from 0 to 2 km, the autonomous orbit determination delivers an accuracy ranging from 0.2 m to 21 m and 0.05 mm/s to 0.4 cm/s. The geodesy can return 2nd-degree gravity coefficients at an accuracy of 1‰, even in the presence of an ephemeris error of 2 km. The achieved covariance of gravity coefficients and libration amplitude indicates an excellent possibility to distinguish families of interior structures.

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“…To this aim, several interesting solutions have been proposed. For instance, DEIMOS Military VR Trainers [45], which is a metaverse-based military training, assists in creating scenarios with a diversified range of environmental conditions, particularly meant for professional military training on shooting, tactical behavior, and observation. This technology is used in the Korean military academy, which integrates spatial synchronization and precise accuracy in the shooting drill environment.…”

Section: Military Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing Education Through Extended Reality and Internet of Everything Enabled Metaverses: Applications, Challenges, and Open Issues

Jagatheesaperumal¹,

Ahmad²,

Al-Fuqaha³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Metaverse has evolved as one of the popular research agendas that let the users learn, socialize, and collaborate in a networked 3D immersive virtual world. Due to the rich multimedia streaming capability and immersive user experience with high-speed communication, the metaverse is an ideal model for education, training, and skill development tasks. To facilitate research in this area, we provide a comprehensive review of the various educational use cases and explore how enabling technologies such as Extended reality (XR) and Internet of Everything (IoE) will play a major role in educational services in future metaverses. Secondly, we provide an overview of metaverse-based educational applications focusing on education, training, and skill development and analyze the technologies they are built upon. We identify common research problems and future research directions in the domain. The paper also identifies core ethical considerations of metaverse for education and potential pitfalls. We believe this survey can fully demonstrate the versatility of metaverse-driven education, which could serve as a potential guideline for the researchers.

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Science operation plan of Phobos and Deimos from the MMX spacecraft

Cited by 32 publications

References 48 publications

The MMX rover: performing in situ surface investigations on Phobos

The MMX rover: performing in situ surface investigations on Phobos

Mothership-Cubesat Radioscience for Phobos Geodesy and Autonomous Navigation

Advancing Education Through Extended Reality and Internet of Everything Enabled Metaverses: Applications, Challenges, and Open Issues

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