Scientific information on mycotoxins and natural plant toxicants

Battilani, Paola; Costa, Lucio G.; Dossena, Arnaldo; Gullino, M. L.; Marchelli, Rosangela; Galaverna, Gianni; Pietri, Amedeo; Dall’Asta, Chiara; Giorni, Paola; Spadaro, D.; Gualla, Alessia

doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2009.en-24

Cited by 43 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 361 publications

(380 reference statements)

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“…Cucumber, eggplants, potatoes and tomatoes are especially susceptible to mould infestation (Battilani et al 2008). Due to their growth even at low temperatures, they are responsible for food spoilage during refrigerated transport and storage, which results in economic losses (Ostry 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of six Alternaria toxins with UPLC-MS/MS and their occurrence in tomatoes and tomato products from the Swiss market

et al. 2011

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An ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of the Alternaria toxins tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, altertoxin I and tentoxin. Owing to its instability, altenusin could not be determined. The sample preparation includes an acidic acetonitrile/water/methanol extraction, followed by SPE clean-up step, before injection into the UPLC-MS/MS system. The separation was made on an Acquity UPLC column using a water/acetonitrile gradient with ammonium hydrogen carbonate as a modifier. Matrix compounds of real samples led to enhancement as well as suppression of the target compounds, depending on analyte and matrix. The recoveries were between 58 and 109% at a level of 10 μg/kg. Eighty-five tomato products, consisting of peeled and minced tomatoes, soup and sauces, tomato purées and concentrates, ketchup as well as dried and fresh tomatoes, were taken from the Swiss market in 2010. Tenuazonic acid was found most frequently (81 out of 85 samples) and in the highest levels of up to 790 μg/kg. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were found in lower concentrations, ranging from <1 to 33 μg/kg for alternariol and <5 to 9 μg/kg for alternariol monomethyl ether. Only a few samples were positive for altenuene and tentoxin. Altertoxin I was never detected.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of six Alternaria toxins with UPLC-MS/MS and their occurrence in tomatoes and tomato products from the Swiss market

et al. 2011

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“…After 3 exposure days, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and anemia were observed (Conner et al 1986 ). The toxic effects of DAS in humans and animals are similar and include vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, and myelosuppression (Battilani et al 2009 ).…”

Section: Diacetoxyscirpenol (Das Anguidine)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fusarium species cause root, stem, and ear rot, with severe economic crop yield reduction, often estimated at between 10 and 30% (Golinski et al 2002 ;Logrieco et al 2002 ;Uhlig et al 2007 ). Fusaria are widespread in all cereal-growing areas of the world, but there are some geographical differences in their natural distribution, as well as of the corresponding mycotoxins they produce, which are infl uenced primarily by environmental conditions, and crop production and storage methods (Battilani et al 2009 ). Selected mycotoxigenic Fusarium species and the mycotoxins they produce are presented in Table 1 .…”

Section: Fusarium Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fusarial Toxins: Secondary Metabolites of Fusarium Fungi

Nešić¹,

Ivanović²,

Nešić

2013

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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Exposure to mycotoxins occurs worldwide, even though there are geographic and climatic differences in the amounts produced and occurrence of these substances.Mycotoxins are secondary chemical metabolites of different fungi. They are natural contaminants of cereals, so their presence is often inevitable. Among many genera that produce mycotoxins, Fusarium fungi are the most widespread in cereal-growing areas of the planet. Fusarium fungi produce a diversity of mycotoxin types, whose distributions are also diverse. What is produced and where it is produced is influenced primarily by environmental conditions, and crop production and storage methods. The amount of toxin produced depends on physical (viz., moisture, relative humidity, temperature, and mechanical damage), chemical (viz., carbon dioxide,oxygen, composition of substrate, insecticides and fungicides), and biological factors (viz., plant variety, stress, insects, spore load, etc.). Moisture and temperature have a major influence on mold growth rate and mycotoxin production.Among the most toxic and prevalent fusaria) toxins are the following: zearalenone,fumonisins, moniliformin and trichothecenes (T-2/HT-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol,diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol). Zearalenone (ZEA; ZON, F-2 toxin) isaphy to estrogenic compound, primarily a field contaminant, which exhibits estrogenic activity and has been implicated in numerous mycotoxicoses of farm animals,especially pigs. Recently, evidence suggests that ZEA has potential to stimulate the growth of human breast cancer cells. Fumonisins are also cancer-promoting metabolites,of which Fumonisin 8 I (FBI) is the most important. Moniliformin (MON) isalso highly toxic to both animals and humans. Trichothecenes are classified as gastrointestinal toxins, dermatotoxins, immunotoxins, hematotoxins, and gene toxins.T-2 and HT-2 toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS, anguidine) are the most toxic mycotoxins among the trichothecene group. Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) and nivalenol although less toxic are important because they frequently occur at levels high enough to cause adverse effects.The presence of mycotoxins in the animal diet can produce significant production losses. Any considerable presence of mycotoxins, in major dietary components,confirms the need to adopt a continuous prevention and control program. Such programs are usually based on several common approaches to minimize mycotoxin contamination in the food chain. Major strategies include preventing fungal growth and therefore mycotoxin formation, reducing or eliminating mycotoxins from contaminated feedstuffs, or diverting contaminated products to low risk uses. Because of the complexity of their chemical structures, mycotoxins also present a major analytical challenge. They are also found in a vast array of feed matrices. Analysis is essential for determining the extent of mycotoxin contamination, for risk analysis, confirming the diagnosis of a mycotoxicosis and for monitoring mycotoxin mitigation strategies.For the future, adequately controlling the myc...

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“…tüneteket [Battilani et al 2009], valamint a nagy mákfogyasztás járművezetési képességet befolyásoló hatását [Moeller et al 2004]. Emiatt a mákfogyasztásból származó morfin expozíciót élelmiszerbiztonsági szempontból is szükséges vizsgálni.…”

Section: A Becsült Don Bevitelunclassified

Növényvédőszer-maradékok és más szennyezőanyagok élelmiszer-fogyasztásból származó akut expozíciójának probabilisztikus modellezése

Zentai¹

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Scientific information on mycotoxins and natural plant toxicants

Cited by 43 publications

References 361 publications

Determination of six Alternaria toxins with UPLC-MS/MS and their occurrence in tomatoes and tomato products from the Swiss market

Determination of six Alternaria toxins with UPLC-MS/MS and their occurrence in tomatoes and tomato products from the Swiss market

Fusarial Toxins: Secondary Metabolites of Fusarium Fungi

Növényvédőszer-maradékok és más szennyezőanyagok élelmiszer-fogyasztásból származó akut expozíciójának probabilisztikus modellezése

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