2021
DOI: 10.1007/s13592-020-00821-x
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Scientific note: often quoted, but not factual data about propolis composition

Abstract: Data about gross composition of propolis (resins and balsams 50%, wax 30%, pollen 5%, essential oils 10%) have been often quoted in propolis literature. The present paper provides evidence that these data are misleading and unsubstantiated.Apis mellifera / flavonoids / phenolic substances / wax / resin / pollen

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Cited by 36 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…Though most studies state that propolis contains wax, the extent to which stingless bees incorporate wax in propolis is unclear. The amount of wax in A. mellifera propolis is known to be highly variable, and reports of wax content often lack precision [54]. In a detailed study of stingless bee resin handling, Gastauer et al [55] observed resin deposition in six bee species, but noted no mixing of resin with wax.…”
Section: Nest Constructionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Though most studies state that propolis contains wax, the extent to which stingless bees incorporate wax in propolis is unclear. The amount of wax in A. mellifera propolis is known to be highly variable, and reports of wax content often lack precision [54]. In a detailed study of stingless bee resin handling, Gastauer et al [55] observed resin deposition in six bee species, but noted no mixing of resin with wax.…”
Section: Nest Constructionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The chemical composition of propolis is highly complex and changeable. It generally comprises a vegetable resin and balsam (up to 70%), beeswax (< 10% to 87%), volatile organic compounds (< 1% to 3%), pollen, and other substances, representing compound classes such as aliphatic acids and their esters, aromatic acids and their esters, flavonoids and other plant phenolics, terpenoids, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins (B 1 , B 2 , B 6 , C, and E), and minerals (aluminum, antimony, calcium, cesium, copper, iron, lanthanum, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, vanadium, and zinc) (Burdock 1998 ; De Almeida and Menezes 2002 ; Cunha et al 2004 ; Anjum et al 2019 ; Salatino and Salatino 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Propolis comprises of wax, resin, balsam, essential oils, pollen, and plant primary and secondary metabolites-such as amino acids, minerals, vitamins, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, and alkaloids [18][19][20][21]. The precise composition of propolis varies depending on the geographical locations, plant sources, and/or bee species [22]. Majority of propolis research in terms of its health benefits has been linked to its phenolic content [23][24][25].…”
Section: Bioactive Compounds In Propolismentioning
confidence: 99%