Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication, Efsa

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3916

Cited by 125 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(233 reference statements)

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“…The overall prevalence of FUMs in Serbia, for the investigated period, was slightly higher compared to the prevalence of FUMs in samples collected between 2000 and 2010 and reported by 11 European countries [92]. Prevalence of FUMs in grains and grain-based products was 47% ( n = 2981) and in grain milling products was 53% ( n = 1366), with a reported mean level in the range of 170–215 μg kg −1 (lower/upper bound) and 279–315 μg kg −1 (lower/upper bound), respectively.…”

Section: Principal Mycotoxins In Food and Feed In Serbiamentioning

confidence: 80%

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Udovički

Audenaert

Saeger

et al. 2018

Toxins

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With an average annual production of 6.9 M tonnes and 2.5 M tonnes of maize and wheat respectively, Serbia is one of the main grain producers and exporters in Europe. Cereals are also the major staple food in Serbian diet. In view of the high cereal consumption, for human and animal nutrition, the presence of mycotoxins entails a high public health risk of chronic exposure to mycotoxins. This study provides an overview of the incidence of predominant mycotoxins, mainly in cereal and dairy products, in Serbia, in the 2004–2016, using data reported in the scientific literature. The study demonstrated that the total prevalence of aflatoxins was 62.9% (n = 12,517) with 26.2% of the samples exceeding the EU limits during this period. Results obtained for T-2/HT-2 (n = 523), deoxynivalenol (n = 2907), fumonisins (n = 998), zearalenone (n = 689) and ochratoxin A (n = 740) indicated the prevalence of 45.5%, 42.9%, 63.3%, 39.3% and 28.1%, respectively. For these mycotoxins, the EU limits were less frequently exceeded. Comprehensive collection and analysis of all accessible information reviewed in this paper showed moderate incidence and prevalence of mycotoxins in Serbia, with an exception of the 2012 drought year and the 2014 flood year.

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Section: Principal Mycotoxins In Food and Feed In Serbiamentioning

confidence: 80%

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Udovički

Audenaert

Saeger

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…Fusarium mycotoxins, such as beauvericin and enniatins, represents a problem of global concern, especially in Northern Europe [15,25,36,40]. Modified mycotoxins represent another emerging topic.…”

Section: Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of mycotoxin contamination, new issues for cereal safety include both emerging mycotoxins and modified forms [15,16,25,26,40]. Mycotoxin contamination by emerging…”

Section: Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures

Cheli¹,

Pinotti²,

Novacco³

et al. 2017

Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization

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Latest estimates for world cereal production in 2015 and EU-28 production in 2014 are approximately 2540 and 323 mil tons, respectively. The FAO estimated that the global wheat consumption is about 66 kg/per capita. Among the most important risks associated with wheat consumption are mycotoxins. It has been estimated that up to 25% of the world's crops grown for food and feed may be contaminated with mycotoxins. Despite efforts in controlling fungal growth, mycotoxin co-contamination represents an unavoidable risk, occurring pre-and postharvest and resulting in reduced nutritional value and possible risks for human and animal health. In addition to health risks, mycotoxins have a detrimental effect on the quality and the processing performance of wheat. Mitigation measures to manage the challenge of mycotoxins in wheat include strategies at pre-and postharvest. Preharvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors and good agronomic/cultural practices, whereas storage and processing are the major areas where contamination can be prevented at postharvest. Integrating as many management options as possible may minimize the risk of mycotoxin contamination in wheat and wheat products.

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“…Exceptions have been in the cases of radionuclides [10], dioxin-like compounds using a Toxicity Equivalence Factor [11] and mycotoxins [12] [13]. Each of these cases employs the concept of equivalency, either of intake or delivered tissue dose, to assess the combined actions of compounds falling within these categories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of the Reanalysis and Weight of Evidence Determination of Human Health Studies for Exposure to Perchlorates under Cumulative and Aggregate Risk Assessment

Crawford‐Brown¹,

Crawford-Brown²

2016

JEP

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This paper applies cumulative and aggregate risk methods and weight of evidence determination to re-analysis of epidemiological and clinical studies of exposure to perchlorates. The implications of cumulative and aggregate risk are considered for 28 epidemiological studies on IUI, serum thyroid hormone levels and clinical indicators. Consideration is given to simultaneous exposures to perchlorates, nitrates, thiocyanates and organohalogens in the study populations. The elevation of effects by perchlorates alone is found only in the studies that use urinary perchlorate as the metric of exposure. These studies are beset by a problem with use of urinary perchlorate concentration in that there is large inter-subject variability in the relationship between intake and urinary concentration due to differences in metabolism and disposition of the compounds following ingestion. As a result, an individual placed into the "high urinary concentration" group may be there due to high values of exposure, to long biological clearance half-lives, or due to high transfer fractions from the serum into the urine. The influence could be removed by correcting urinary levels by measured clearance half-times for individuals in a study, but that has not been done in the case of the studies examined here. It is of interest therefore that the studies that use direct measures of intake of perchlorates rather than urine concentration fail to display the hormone effects. The current study uses a "weight of evidence" approach for perchlorates, employing all 28 studies. The result is a slope of the exposureresponse curve (percentage change in hormone effect per unit exposure) of 0.3% per µg/kg-day, with 95% confidence interval of (−0.05%, 1%). This confidence interval for the slope encompasses 0, indicating no statistically significant slope when all data are combined in a weight of evidence determination. This is consistent with the conclusions of the USEPA and EFSA that the epidemiological studies do not provide compelling evidence for a causal association between exposures to perchlorates and either hormone effects or clinically adverse effects. The conclusions are 1) that current epidemiological results do not provide evidence of effects induced by perchlorates apart from the IUI effects, 2) that the same results provide evidence that the IUI effects induced at environmental levels of exposure are associated with down-stream adverse effects and 3) that effective risk management requires the cumulative and aggregate risk framework adopted here, suggesting a need for risk assessors to return to the original studies and provide separate estimates of exposure-response relationships for all four compounds or at the least to control for exposures to nitrates, thiocyanates and organohalogens.

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Cited by 125 publications

References 124 publications

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures

Implications of the Reanalysis and Weight of Evidence Determination of Human Health Studies for Exposure to Perchlorates under Cumulative and Aggregate Risk Assessment

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