Screen-Printed Technologies Combined with Flow Analysis Techniques: Moving from Benchtop to Everywhere

Abstract

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) coupled with flow systems have been reported in recent decades for an ever-growing number of applications in modern electroanalysis, aiming for portable methodologies. The information acquired through this combination can be attractive for future users with basic knowledge, especially due to the increased measurement throughput, reduction in reagent consumption and minimal waste generation. The trends and possibilities of this set rely on the synergistic behavior that maximizes both SPE and flow analyses characteristics, allowing mass production and automation. This overview addresses an in-depth update about the scope of samples, target analytes, and analytical throughput (injections per hour, limits of detection, linear range, etc.) obtained by coupling injection techniques (FIA, SIA, and BIA) with SPE-based electrochemical detection.

Paper-based laser-pyrolyzed electrofluidics: an electrochemical platform for capillary-driven diagnostic bioassays

“…2d and S6). It should be noted that turbostratic layered materials have indistinguishable (101) and (100) peaks, and are thus assigned as (10) here; the same applies to the (11) peak.…”

“…To gain quantitative insights into the evolution of their structural parameters, we carried out wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) to correlate materials conductivity with graphenic crystallography. After isolating the pyrolyzed material, we were able to identify diffractograms of graphitic materials exhibiting the (002), (10) and (11) diffraction peaks (Figs. 2d and S6).…”

“…Flow injection analysis (FIA) is a high-throughput analysis method in which samples are injected sequentially into a flow of carrying buffer upstream of an electrochemical detector (10). FIA paperbased devices driven by capillary flow have been reported for the analysis of small molecules in buffer or urine samples, using electrodes contacted to the paper surface (53,54).…”

“…The three main peaks considered are the (002), ( 10) and ( 11) peaks. The shoulders observed on the (10) and (11) peaks are attributed to higher order planes, namely (004) and (006), respectively, and were not accounted for during the fitting process due to their minor contributions. Crystallite dimensions were calculated using the Scherrer equation, which considers the broadening of scattering peaks in reciprocal space (40).…”

Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine

“…Screen-printed electrodes are commercially available in a variety of conductive materials and patterns with highly reliable offerings from companies such as DropSens by Metrohm. Screen printing uses a stencil to deposit functional inks onto a flexible substrate, while simultaneously removing excess ink (Figure a) . Screen printed film thickness is wide ranging (0.02–100 μm) .…”