Screening for unknown synthetic steroids in human urine by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

Thevis, Mario; Geyer, Hans; Mareck, Ute; Schänzer, Wilhelm

doi:10.1002/jms.873

Cited by 128 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The analysis of the supplement was performed according to a previously described method (Parr et al, 2004). For the detection of tetrahydrogestrinone, stanozolol, metandienone and trenbolone, this method was adapted to liquid chromatographictandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS-MS) conditions, which are used for the detection of synthetic steroids in urine samples (Thevis et al, 2005). The limits of detection (signal/ noise ratio X3) of the listed steroids were calculated to be in the range of 0.2-5 ng g À1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum testosterone and urinary excretion of steroid hormone metabolites after administration of a high-dose zinc supplement

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives: To investigate whether the administration of the zinc-containing nutritional supplement ZMA causes an increase of serum testosterone levels, which is an often claimed effect in advertising for such products; to monitor the urinary excretion of testosterone and selected steroid hormone metabolites to detect potential changes in the excretion patterns of ZMA users. Subjects: Fourteen healthy, regularly exercising men aged 22-33 years with a baseline zinc intake between 11.9 and 23.2 mg day À1 prior to the study. Results: Supplementation of ZMA significantly increased serum zinc (P ¼ 0.031) and urinary zinc excretion (P ¼ 0.035). Urinary pH (P ¼ 0.011) and urine flow (P ¼ 0.045) were also elevated in the subjects using ZMA. No significant changes in serum total and serum free testosterone were observed in response to ZMA use. Also, the urinary excretion pattern of testosterone metabolites was not significantly altered in ZMA users. Conclusions: The present data suggest that the use of ZMA has no significant effects regarding serum testosterone levels and the metabolism of testosterone in subjects who consume a zinc-sufficient diet.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum testosterone and urinary excretion of steroid hormone metabolites after administration of a high-dose zinc supplement

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…New metabolites of some anabolic steroids such as metandienone (Schänzer et al, 2006) or fluoxymesterone (Pozo et al, 2008d) were identified by LC-MS/MS. Triple quadrupole instruments seem to be ideal tools for this purpose because of the variety of scan modes that can be applied, including precursor ion scan (Thevis et al, 2005a;Schänzer et al, 2006;Pozo et al, 2008a,b) and neutral loss (Pozo et al, 2008b,d). Analyzers with accurate mass capabilities such as TOF or Orbitrap have also been incorporated in doping control analysis (Thevis et al, 2005b;Georgakopoulos et al, 2007;Kolmonen et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Characterization of a New Metabolite of 17α-Methyltestosterone

Pozo¹,

Eenoo²,

Deventer³

et al. 2009

Drug Metab Dispos

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT:The misuse of the anabolic steroid methyltestosterone is currently routinely monitored in doping control laboratories by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of two of its metabolites: 17␣-methyl-5␤-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol and 17␣-methyl-5␣-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol. Because of the absence of any easy ionizable moiety, these metabolites are poorly detectable using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). In this study, the metabolism of methyltestosterone has been reinvestigated by the use of a precursor ion scan method in LC-ESI-MS/MS. Two metabolites have been detected using this method. Both compounds have been confirmed in postadministration urine samples of an urokinase plasminogen activator-severe combined immunodeficiency (uPA-SCID) mouse with humanized liver and were characterized by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS using both quadrupole and time of flight analyzers. From the detailed study of the fragmentation, these metabolites were proposed to be epimethyltestosterone and a dehydrogenated compound. Epimethyltestosterone has previously been described as a minor metabolite, whereas the occurrence of the oxidized metabolite has not been reported. Comparison with the synthesized reference revealed that the structure of the dehydrogenated metabolite is 6-ene-epimethyltestosterone. A selected reaction monitoring method including three transitions for each metabolite has been developed and applied to samples from an excretion study and to samples declared positive after GC-MS analysis. 6-Ene-epimethyltestosterone was found in all samples, showing its applicability in the detection of methyltestosterone misuse.Anabolic androgenic steroids are among the most frequently misused compounds by athletes (WADA Laboratory Statistics, 2009, http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.idϭ335). 17␣-Methyltestosterone (17␤-hydroxy-17␣-methylandrost-4-en-3-one) has been one of the most detected compounds in doping analysis during the past few years (WADA Laboratory Statistics, 2009, http:// www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.idϭ335). 17␣-Methyltestosterone is rapidly metabolized in humans, and therefore the monitoring of the misuse of this steroid is normally performed by the detection of its metabolites. Two main metabolites were identified in the metabolism of 17␣-methyltestosterone in human: 17␣-methyl-5␣-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol (A2) and 17␣-methyl-5␤-androstane-3␣,17␤-diol (A3) (Schänzer and Donike, 1993). Hydroxylated metabolites have been described in several animals including the horse (Dumasia, 2003;McKinney et al., 2007;Yamada et al., 2007) and the heifer (Blokland et al., 2005).In doping control analysis, the detection of steroid metabolites is normally performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after trimethylsilylation (Schänzer and Donike, 1993;Ayotte et al., 1996;Saugy et al., 2000), achieving the required sensitivity of 2 ng/ml (WADA Technical Document TD2004MRPL version 1.0, 2007, http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document...

show abstract

“…Moreover, detection of unknown designer steroids is difficult in biological samples either using specific analysis or mass spectral library search, as both approaches would require establishing the analytical characteristics with suitable reference materials. [52][53][54] The detection strategies have been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere. [55] It is not uncommon that doping agents used in human sports would likewise be abused in equine sports.…”

Section: Nickelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Fragkaki

Kioukia‐Fougia

Kiousi

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The artificial increase of the physical capability of horses using drugs is well known in racing and other equine sports. Both illicit and therapeutic substances are regarded as prohibited substances in competition in most countries. Some countries make distinctions for a few, specific drugs which are, however, allowed for use in other countries. The primary objective in the case of doping control is the detection of any trace of drug exposure, either parent drug or any of its metabolites, using the most powerful analytical methods which are generally based on chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Of major concern in horseracing is the absence of a single organization regulating the anti-doping framework; instead of this, individual racing authorities provide rules and regulations often resulting in variations in the applied doping control programmes of different countries. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature (approximately from 2012 to mid-2016) to highlight the numerous and diverse challenges faced in doping control of racing and equestrian sports, including the detection of designer drugs (anabolic steroids or stimulants) and of other emerging prohibited substances, such as peptides and noble gases in horse urine and plasma. Moreover, the application of 'omics' techniques (especially of metabolomics) deserves attention for establishing possible fingerprints of drug abuse as well as the evolution of instrumental analysis resulting a powerful ally in the fight against doping in equine sports.

show abstract

Screening for unknown synthetic steroids in human urine by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 128 publications

References 21 publications

Serum testosterone and urinary excretion of steroid hormone metabolites after administration of a high-dose zinc supplement

Serum testosterone and urinary excretion of steroid hormone metabolites after administration of a high-dose zinc supplement

Detection and Characterization of a New Metabolite of 17α-Methyltestosterone

Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti‐doping

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About