Screening-level ecological and human health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stormwater detention pond sediments of Coastal South Carolina, USA

Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons risk assessment in coastal water and sediments of Khark Island, SW Iran

“…The adverse effects on organisms would rarely be observed when concentrations fall below the ERL, TEL and TEC values, in contrast the PEL, ERM and PEC values represent a concentration above which adverse effects are more probable (Table 2) (Keshavarzi et al, 2015;Manuel Nicolaus et al, 2015;OSPAR, 2009;USEPA, 2002;Weinstein et al, 2010). Furthermore, in order to assess the potential ecological risk of PAHs on aquatic biota, Risk Quotients (RQ) are commonly used as follow:…”

“…Where, DAD is dermal absorbed dose through water and soil contact (mg/kg-day), HI is hazard index of non-cancer carcinogenic effect, DA event is absorbed dose per event (mg/cm 2 -event), EV is frequency of the event (events/day), ED is exposure duration (year), EF is frequency Table 2 Threshold effect level (TEL), probable effect level (PEL), effect range low (ERL), effect range median (ERMs), threshold effect concentration (TEC) and probable effect concentration (PEC) values for PAHs in sediments, and negligible concentration (NCs) and maximum permissible concentration (MPCs) of PAHs in water (Cao et al, 2010;Kalf et al, 1997;Li et al, 2015a;Li et al, 2015b;Manuel Nicolaus et al, 2015;OSPAR, 2009;USEPA, 2002;Weinstein et al, 2010 of exposure (days/year), SA is skin surface area (cm 2 ), BW is body weight (kg), AT is average lifespan [period over which the exposure is averaged] (day), FA is the fraction of absorbed water, K p is dermal permeability coefficient of compound (cm/h), C w is pollutant concentration in water (mg/l), τ event is lag time per event (h/event), t event is duration of the event (h/event), CF is conversion factor (10 −6 kg/mg), C S is pollutant concentration in sediment (mg/kg), AF is adherence factor of sediment to skin (mg/cm 2 -event), ABs d is dermal absorption fraction, SFo is Oral slope factor (mg/kg-day) −1 , RfDo is Oral reference dose (mg/kgday), and ABS Gl is fraction of contaminant absorbed in gastrointestinal tract (EPA, 2004;EPA, 1992;Sarria-Villa et al, 2016;USEPA, 2007a). Table 3 shows the values used in the presented risk assessments.…”

Association of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and anthropogenic impacts in a rapidly urbanizing region: Spatial distribution, soil–air exchange and ecological risk

“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmentally significant due to their widespread occurrence and potentially toxic to wildlife and humans (Bjøseth et al, 1978;Lioy and Daisey, 1986;Petry et al, 1996;Cousins and Jones, 1998;Weinstein et al, 2010). They mainly originate from anthropogenic activities, such as incomplete combustion of organic materials (e.g., wood, coal oil, gas, tobacco and straw), as well as from automobile exhausts and industrial processes (Yunker et al, 2002a(Yunker et al, , 2002b.…”

Identification of trace organic pollutants in freshwater sources in Eastern China and estimation of their associated human health risks

“…Carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk are estimated via a procedure that evaluates the likelihood that adverse human health effects may occur, or are occurring, as a result of exposure to one or more stressors (Weinsteina et al 2010). Monitoring programs throughout China have demonstrated the common occurrence of PAHs and OCPs in surface water (Guo et al 2007;Zhu et al 2008).…”