Sea Ice Characteristics and the Role of Sediment Inclusions in Deep-Sea Deposition: Arctic — Antarctic Comparisons

Pfirman, Stephanie; Lange, Manfred A.; Wollenburg, Ingo; Schlosser, Peter

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2029-3_11

Cited by 64 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The 5~80 value for river-runoff (Sr = 0) is set to -21% following OSTLUND and HUT (1984). The 6 l SO values of sea ice (Si is set to 3%0) are variable (PFIRMAN et al, 1990). This fact has to be taken into account when estimating the 5 ~80 of sea ice meltwater.…”

Section: F~*s+f~*sr+f* Si=smmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arctic river-runoff: mean residence time on the shelves and in the halocline

Schlosser

Bauch

Fairbanks

et al. 1994

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

158

100

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Abstract--The mean residence time of river-runoff on the shelves and in the halocline of the Arctic Ocean is estimated from salinity and tracer data (tritium, 3He and the 180/160 ratio). These estimates are derived from comparison of apparent tracer ages of the halocline waters using a combination of tracers that yield different information: (1) the tritium "vintage" age, which records the time that has passed since the river-runoff entered the shelf; and (2) the tritium/3 He age, which reflects the time since the shelf waters left the shelf. The difference between the ages determined by these two methods is about 3-6 years. Correction for the initial tritium/3He age of the shelf waters (about 0.5-1.5 years) yields a mean residence time of the river-runoff on the shelves of the Siberian Seas of about 3.5 + 2 years.

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Section: F~*s+f~*sr+f* Si=smmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arctic river-runoff: mean residence time on the shelves and in the halocline

Schlosser

Bauch

Fairbanks

et al. 1994

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

158

100

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“…For millions of years, sea ice has rafted material from one region of the Arctic Ocean to another: aeolian dust, aerosol deposits, sediments entrained in shallow waters, biological communities growing below each floe [e.g., Pfirman et al, 1990;Nürnberg et al, 1994;Dethleff et al, 2000a;Eicken et al, 1997Eicken et al, , 2000Jakobsson et al, 2001]. Transport of the ice itself is a freshwater flux that moves buoyancy from source to sink regions, carrying river runoff, for example, from the Siberian shelf seas to the Canadian Basin [e.g., Newton et al, 2008Newton et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing transnational sea‐ice exchange in a changing Arctic Ocean

et al. 2017

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The changing Arctic sea-ice cover is likely to impact the trans-border exchange of sea ice between the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of the Arctic nations, affecting the risk of ice-rafted contamination. We apply the Lagrangian Ice Tracking System (LITS) to identify sea-ice formation events and track sea ice to its melt locations. Most ice (52%) melts within 100 km of where it is formed; ca. 21% escapes from its EEZ. Thus, most contaminants will be released within an ice parcel's originating EEZ, while material carried by over 1 00,000 km 2 of ice-an area larger than France and Germany combined-will be released to other nations' waters. Between the periods 1988-1999 and 2000-2014, sea-ice formation increased by ∼17% (roughly 6 million km 2 vs. 5 million km 2 annually). Melting peaks earlier; freeze-up begins later; and the central Arctic Ocean is more prominent in both formation and melt in the later period. The total area of ice transported between EEZs increased, while transit times decreased: for example, Russian ice reached melt locations in other nations' EEZs an average of 46% faster while North American ice reached destinations in Eurasian waters an average of 37% faster. Increased trans-border exchange is mainly a result of increased speed (∼14% per decade), allowing first-year ice to escape the summer melt front, even as the front extends further north. Increased trans-border exchange over shorter times is bringing the EEZs of the Arctic nations closer together, which should be taken into account in policy development-including establishment of marine-protected areas. Plain Language SummaryWe use data from satellite images to identify the formation, drift tracks, and melt locations of sea ice in the Arctic. Most ice melts locally: only about 21% is exported from the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in which it is formed. That export is nonetheless about 1,000,000 km 2 each year. As the ice cover has thinned and the summer sea ice has retreated in a warming Arctic, formation and melt locations have moved further north, ice drifts have accelerated, and the area of ice formation and melt has increased. We looked at ice formation and transport between the EEZs of the Arctic nations, and broke the record into two periods : 1988-1999 and 2000-2014. As the Arctic warms, more ice is transported between EEZs and it is arriving at the receiving EEZ faster, than in the past. Between the two study periods: Sea ice velocity increased by about 14%/decade; Russian ice reached melt locations in other nations' EEZs 46% faster; and North American ice reached Eurasian destinations 37% faster. Exchanges of ice have increased as a result. For example, export of ice from Russia to Norway increased by 11% and export from Alaska to Russia by 16%.

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“…Most studies of ice-rafting in the Eurasia basin have also concentrated on the fine-grain fraction (Pfirman et al, 1989(Pfirman et al, , 1990Bischof, 1990;Nürnberg et al, 1994;Nørgaard-Pedersen, 1997;Landa et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%