Search for cold fusion in palladium

Baurichter, A.; Eyrich, W.; Frank, Michael; Göhr, H; Kreische, W.; Ortner, H.; Röseler, B.; Schiller, Carl-Albrecht; Weeske, G.; Witthun, W.

doi:10.1007/bf01323481

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…If we assume that cold fusion is a surface effect which takes place in the first ten monolayers, then for the experimental conditions of [3], the upper limit of the number of emitted neutrons should be of the order of about 1-10 particles per second, so that it should, indeed be a weak effect, in accord with the result of [3],…”

mentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Various experimental papers were published in which this effect was studied, however with contradictory results [1][2][3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To answer the second question, let us make a rough estimate of the upper limit of the number of neutrons emitted by the palladium electrode in the experiment described in [3]. If we assume that cold fusion is a surface effect which takes place in the first ten monolayers, then for the experimental conditions of [3], the upper limit of the number of emitted neutrons should be of the order of about 1-10 particles per second, so that it should, indeed be a weak effect, in accord with the result of [3],…”

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confidence: 99%

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Does Cold Fusion Exist and is it Measurable?

Komarov

Melsheimer

Popova

1990

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A

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The dynamical nature of the cold fusion problem is considered. A general model of two slow charged particles interacting in a metal crystal is developed. It is shown that there exists a resonance state of this system. The value of the positive real resonance energy depends on the properties of the metal crystal. An estimate of the probability of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter is given.Recently, the d + d nuclear fusion in Pd-D (i.e., Pd metal crystal with absorbed deuterium atoms) at room temperature has received much attention. Various experimental papers were published in which this effect was studied, however with contradictory results [1][2][3].From the theoretical point of view, cold nuclear fusion was considered in [4][5][6]. It was shown in [4] that this process possibly may take place without production of neutrons, if one considers the Pd-D crystal as a cold plasma. In [5], estimates of the screening effects of the electrons on the nuclear Coulomb barrier were given, and in [6], a calculation based on the effective potential of two interacting deuterons in a palladium lattice was presented.In the present paper, the dynamical nature of the cold fusion is considered. Attempting to clarify this problem, we have developed a general model of two slow charged quantum particles interacting in a metal crystal. We have proven that there exists a resonance state of this system and that the value of the positive real resonance energy depends on the properties of the metal crystal. So we probably have found a dynamical pairing of the positively charged particles in a metal crystal. This result made it possible to estimate the probability of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter.In developing this general model, we made some special assumptions, since the system under consideration has special features due to the type of the interaction potential of two slow positively charged particles in a metal crystal, i.e., in the electron gas of the metal. Taking one particle with the charge Z^ as a center fixed in the electron cloud of density p(r), where r(x, y, z) is the distance from the center, we treat now the problem as a scattering of the other incoming particle (with the charge Z 2 ) in a field obtained as the superposition of the two potential fields. One potential, of the Coulomb point central field, is given byZy ' Z,and the second potential, which is due to the charge of the electron cloud with density g 0 , is given by the potential functionwhereand r s is the Wigner-Seitz radius for an electron in atomic units (r o = 0.5 • 10" 8 cm), e the electron charge and e 0 the dielectric constant. It is easy to see that, whereas the Coulomb central potential is decreasing with the distance as r -1 , the potential of the electron cloud increases with growing distances as r 2 . Because of this fact, the interaction between the two charged particles takes place effectively only for a distance smaller than R 0 Kr s , which can be found from the relation V C (R 0 )= -V tl (R 0 ). To describe the interaction of two ...

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mentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Various experimental papers were published in which this effect was studied, however with contradictory results [1][2][3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Cold Fusion Exist and is it Measurable?

Komarov

Melsheimer

Popova

1990

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A

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“…Исключение составляет работа [14], в которой для регистрации нейтронов по прото нам отдачи применялись диэлектрические трековые детекторы (ДТД). Аналогичные детекторы использовались также в работе [27] [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], в которых эффект НТС не наблюдался, но чувст вительность не позволила проверить эффект на уровне Джонса, пред ставлены в табл.IV.…”

Section: вып 11]unclassified

Cold fusion

Царев¹

1990

Usp. Fiz. Nauk

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Введение. Явление «холодного ядерного синтеза», или «низкотем пературного синтеза» (НТС), необычно не только по своей физической природе, но и по той неординарной и в известной степени скандальной ситуации, которая сложилась вокруг него. Несомненно, роковую роль в истории с НТС сыграло поведение «первооткрывателей» Флейшмана и Понса. Отказавшись от детальных контрольных опытов и минуя обще принятый путь обсуждения научных результатов, они сразу же обрати лись через средства массовой информации к миру с сообщением об от К осени 1989 г., т. е. примерно через полгода после первых сообще ний, ситуация начала меняться. В значительной степени утих ажиотаж вокруг НТС. Стали, наконец, появляться многочисленные публикации в научных журналах, а вместе с ними все более четко стали обозначаться контуры действительного положения дел с НТС. К концу 1989 г. лите ратура по экспериментальным и теоретическим аспектам НТС стала уже столь обширной, что, по видимому, возникла потребность в обзоре, ко торый подводил бы некоторые предварительные итоги исследований, проведенных за прошедший год. Несомненно, делать обзор работ по НТС на данном этапе весьма неблагодарная задача. Прежде всего по тому, что экспериментальная ситуация все еще не обрела желаемой стабильности и содержит значительные неопределенности не только в ко личественном, но и в качественном отношении; отсутствует также обще принятая точка зрения на механизмы процессов НТС.Однако можно привести и соображения иного рода. В настоящее время происходит «изменение режима» исследований по НТС. После того как первый ажиотаж и неуемные восторги сменились широко рас пространившимся разочарованием и пессимизмом, сейчас интерес к НТС начинает вновь возрождаться, но на этот раз уже в русле спокойных и деловых научных исследований. Период поспешных и упрощенных экс периментов сменяется периодом кропотливых и тщательных исследова ний. Поэтому, может быть сейчас, целесообразно посмотреть, каковы «стартовые условия» для этого нового этапа, что на данный момент из вестно об НТС. Это относится не только к эксперименту, но и к теории, где выяснилось, что многие первоначальные направления поисков меха низма НТС оказались тупиковыми, тогда как другие, сохраняющие шан сы на успех, требуют дальнейшего более детального исследования и сравнения с экспериментом.Еще одно обстоятельство, делающее целесообразным обсуждение различных аспектов работ по НТС, связано с многоплановым, междис циплинарным характером проблемы, включающей вопросы электрохи

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“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Spontaneous neutron emission due to the fusion of D-atoms has also been observed during the process of soaking Ti powder into D 2 gas up to 40 atm, followed by cooling with liquid nitrogen and heating. 13) More recently, it has been reported that D + ions accelerated to more than 1 keV caused fusion at a high rate in deuterated Ti 14) or Pd.…”

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confidence: 95%

Cold Nuclear Fusion Induced by Controlled Out-Diffusion of Deuterons in Palladium

Yamaguchi

Nishioka

1990

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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A gigantic neutron burst of (1-2) × 10 6 n/s has been detected from deuterated Pd plates with heterostructures set in a vacuum chamber. An explosive release of D 2 gas, biaxial bending of all the samples, and excess heat evolution were also observed at the same time. It has been concluded that these phenomena are caused by the cooperative production of D accumulation layers at Pd surfaces due to controlled out-diffusion of D-atoms.KEYWORDS: cold nuclear fusion, deuteron, deuterium gas, palladium, heterostructure, out-diffusion, neutron emission, biaxial strain, heat evolution, cooperative phenomenon Since Jones et al. 1} and Fleischmann and Pons 2) reported that nuclear fusion occurred at room temperature in Pd or Ti cathodes during the electrolysis of D 2 O, much effort has been made to reinvestigate the possibility of the electrolytically induced cold fusion in condensed matter.3-12) Spontaneous neutron emission due to the fusion of D-atoms has also been observed during the process of soaking Ti powder into D 2 gas up to 40 atm, followed by cooling with liquid nitrogen and heating.13) More recently, it has been reported that D + ions accelerated to more than 1 keV caused fusion at a high rate in deuterated Ti 14) or Pd. 15) Although the "high-energy" nuclear fusion in solids can be well understood within the current theory because the fusion rate at 1 keV has been calculated to be more than 10 13 times larger than that at 300 eV or less, * the observed neutron emission without application of high voltages 15) has given evidence of cold nuclear fusion. In this letter, we report a new technique for inducing "low-energy" nuclear fusion at room temperature in solids. By making use of this technique, we have observed a gigantic neutron burst and, at the same time, an explosive release of D 2 gas from deuterated Pd (Pd:D) plates as well as a biaxial bending of the samples. We have also detected excess heat evolution.The key process in the present study is the formation of D accumulation layers at solid surfaces by controlling the D-atom out-diffusive transport with hetrostructures. Namely, one of the surfaces of a Pd:D (α-phase) substrate is covered with a thick Au-film in order to prevent the leakage of D-atoms from this side. In the present experiment, the substrates were obtained by immersing annealed Pd plates (99.9%; thickness =1.0 mm) into D 2 gas (99.9%; 0.5 atm) for 24 hours. The other surface is covered with a thin film having a diffusion constant of D less than Pd. This layer appropriately controls the out-diffusion of D-atoms passing through this interface. In the present work, we used a film with a thickness of less than 100 Ǻ containing mainly Mn and O, which we call Mn-O film in this letter. Thus, the D accumulation layer can be formed at the interface during the out-diffusion processes of D-atoms by decreasing the pressure of ambient D 2 gas. It will be shown later that the formation of the β-phase layer can provide cooperative feedback to cause further accumulation of D-atoms.As soon as the sample p...

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Search for cold fusion in palladium

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Does Cold Fusion Exist and is it Measurable?

Does Cold Fusion Exist and is it Measurable?

Cold fusion

Cold Nuclear Fusion Induced by Controlled Out-Diffusion of Deuterons in Palladium

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