“…While all macroalgae have cellulose, the specific types of carbohydrates present vary among the different groups. Brown algae, for instance, mainly contain laminarin, mannitol, alginate, glucan, and fucoidan, while red algae have carrageenan, agar, and lignin, and green algae possess mannan, ulvan, and starch [29]. To achieve environmental benefits and improve product quality while eliminating any residual waste, the most desirable approach for utilizing marine macroalgae waste appears to be the cascade biorefinery approach [30].…”