Seaweeds through time: Morphological and ecological analysis of Proterozoic and early Paleozoic benthic macroalgae

Bykova, Natalia; LoDuca, Steven T.; Ye, Qin; Marusin, Vasiliy V.; Гражданкин, Д. В.

doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105875

Cited by 65 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…In arguing against an algal affinity for Inocladus lesquereuxi , Ruedemann (1916, p. 15) expressed doubt that the siphons of Codium could be preserved, noting “it is quite doubtful that the unicellular filaments composing that alga would be able to furnish the strong threads or tubes seen in Inocaulis lesquereuxi … ” Much has been learned about the algal fossil record since that time, and dozens of undoubted occurrences of noncalcified macroalgae have been described from strata of Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic age within the past forty years that are preserved in a fashion similar to that observed for the Codium -like taxa examined herein (summarized in LoDuca et al, 2017; Bykova et al, 2020). These include delicate and complex thalli comparable to those of living Bryopsidales (LoDuca, 2019).…”

Section: Phylogenetic Affinity Of Silurian Codium-like Taxamentioning

confidence: 52%

Codium-like taxa from the Silurian of North America: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and phylogenetic affinity

et al. 2020

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A 1901 report by the Smithsonian Custodian of Paleozoic Plants noted that the nonbiomineralized taxa Buthotrephis divaricata White, 1901, B. newlini White, 1901, and B. lesquereuxi Grote and Pitt, 1876, from the upper Silurian of the Great Lakes area, shared key characteristics in common with the extant green macroalga Codium. A detailed reexamination of these Codium-like taxa and similar forms from the lower Silurian of Ontario, New York, and Michigan, including newly collected material of Thalassocystis striata Taggart and Parker, 1976, aided by scanning electron microscopy and stable carbon isotope analysis, provides new data in support of an algal affinity. Crucially, as with Codium, the originally cylindrical axes of all of these taxa consist of a complex internal array of tubes divided into distinct medullary and cortical regions, the medullary tubes being arranged in a manner similar to those of living Pseudocodium. In view of these findings, the three study taxa originally assigned to Buthotrephis, together with Chondrites verus Ruedemann, 1925, are transferred to the new algal taxon Inocladus new genus, thereby establishing Inocladus lesquereuxi new combination, Inocladus newlini new comb., Inocladus divaricata new comb., and Inocladus verus new comb. Morphological and paleoecological data point to a phylogenetic affinity for Inocladus n. gen. and Thalassocystis within the Codium-bearing green algal order Bryopsidales, but perhaps nested within an extinct lineage. Collectively, this material fits within a large-scale pattern of major macroalgal morphological diversification initiated in concert with the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event and apparently driven by a marked escalation in grazing pressure. UUID: http://zoobank.org/97c5c737-b291-41a2-aceb-f398cac9537a

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Section: Phylogenetic Affinity Of Silurian Codium-like Taxamentioning

confidence: 52%

Codium-like taxa from the Silurian of North America: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and phylogenetic affinity

et al. 2020

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“…The existence of simple multicellular eukaryotes prior to the Snowball Earth (Butterfield 2009;Bykova et al 2020) does not disprove the hypothesis that complex multicellularity results from an evolutionary response to increases in seawater viscosity. Variation in traits always arise independently from and before selection can act (Brandon 1990), because a lack of preexisting variation prevents evolution by natural selection (Fisher 1930).…”

Section: The Record Of Multicellularity and Large Sizesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6) but it is unlikely that these fossils represent multicellular organisms (Anderson et al 2020;Butterfield 2009;Butterfield 2015). A low diversity of simple macroscopic algae occur prior to the Cryogenian, but their size and surface-area-to-volume ratios expand dramatically in the Cryogenian and Ediacaran (Bykova et al 2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

Adaptation to a Viscous Snowball Earth Ocean as a Path to Complex Multicellularity

Simpson¹

2021

The American Naturalist

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Animals, fungi, and algae with complex multicellular bodies all evolved independently from unicellular ancestors. The early history of these major eukaryotic multicellular clades, if not their origins, co-occur with an extreme phase of global glaciations known as the Snowball Earth.Here, I propose that the long-term loss of low viscosity environments due to several rounds global glaciation drove the multiple origins of complex multicellularity in eukaryotes and the subsequent radiation of complex multicellular groups into previously unoccupied niches. Under this scenario, life adapts to Snowball Earth oceans by evolving large size and faster speeds through multicellularity which acts to compensate for high viscosity seawater and achieve fluid flow at sufficient levels to satisfy metabolic needs. Warm, low viscosity seawater returned with the melting of the Snowball glaciers and with it, by virtue of large and fast multicellular bodies, new ways of life were unveiled. 2

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“…Although the Proterozoic record of fossil eukaryotes is dominated by organic-walled microfossils, it also preserves macroscopic carbonaceous compressions often interpreted as macroalgae (review in Bykova et al, 2020), but the eukaryotic nature or identity of some is unclear. Organic-walled microfossils from shale and siltstone of the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group in South Africa may represent much older stem eukaryotes, but they lack important diagnostic criteria (e.g., conspicuous surface ornamentation or processes) to distinguish them from prokaryotes (Javaux et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shale-hosted biota from the Dismal Lakes Group in Arctic Canada supports an early Mesoproterozoic diversification of eukaryotes

et al. 2021

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The Mesoproterozoic is an important era for the development of eukaryotic organisms in oceans. The earliest unambiguous eukaryotic microfossils are reported in late Paleoproterozoic shales from China and Australia. During the Mesoproterozoic, eukaryotes diversified in taxonomy, metabolism, and ecology, with the advent of eukaryotic photosynthesis, osmotrophy, multicellularity, and predation. Despite these biological innovations, their fossil record is scarce before the late Mesoproterozoic. Here, we document an assemblage of organic-walled microfossils from the 1590–1270 Ma Dismal Lakes Group in Canada. The assemblage comprises 25 taxa, including 11 morphospecies identified as eukaryotes, a relatively high diversity for this period. We also report one new species, Dictyosphaera smaugi new species, and one unnamed taxon. The diversity of eukaryotic forms in this succession is comparable to slightly older assemblages from China and is higher than worldwide contemporaneous assemblages and supports the hypothesis of an earlier diversification of eukaryotes in the Mesoproterozoic.

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Seaweeds through time: Morphological and ecological analysis of Proterozoic and early Paleozoic benthic macroalgae

Cited by 65 publications

References 107 publications

Codium-like taxa from the Silurian of North America: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and phylogenetic affinity

Codium-like taxa from the Silurian of North America: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and phylogenetic affinity

Adaptation to a Viscous Snowball Earth Ocean as a Path to Complex Multicellularity

Shale-hosted biota from the Dismal Lakes Group in Arctic Canada supports an early Mesoproterozoic diversification of eukaryotes

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