Second generation of portable gamma camera based on Caliste CdTe hybrid technology

Maier, Daniel; Blondel, C.; Delisle, Cyrille; Limousin, O.; Martignac, J.; Meuris, A.; Visticot, François; Daniel, G.; Bausson, Pierre-Anne; Gevin, O.; Amoyal, Guillaume; Carrel, F.; Schoepff, Vincent; Mahe, C.; Soufflet, F.; Vassal, M. C.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.12.027

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The Fano-limited energy resolution (Δ E Fano ) is described by Equation (1):

where F is the Fano factor and W is the electron hole pair creation energy; these have values of 0.1 and 4.62 eV ehp-1 in CdZnTe material [ 18 ]. In recent years, the spectroscopic performance of CdZnTe and CdTe detectors has improved dramatically, with FWHM measured at 59.54 keV of the order 1–2 keV [ 9 , 16 , 19 , 20 ], compared to the theoretical Fano-limited minimum of 0.39 keV.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where F is the Fano factor and W is the electron hole pair creation energy; these have values of 0.1 and 4.62 eV ehp-1 in CdZnTe material [18]. In recent years, the spectroscopic performance of CdZnTe and CdTe detectors has improved dramatically, with FWHM measured at 59.54 keV of the order 1-2 keV [9,16,19,20], compared to the theoretical Fano-limited minimum of 0.39 keV. The spectroscopic performance of the HF-CdZnTe material was evaluated using the 241 Am sealed source as shown in Figure 4, where each channel of the spectra was 200 eV wide.…”

Section: Spectroscopic Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the Uniformity of High-Flux CdZnTe Material

Veale

Booker

Cross

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Since the late 2000s, the availability of high-quality cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) has greatly increased. The excellent spectroscopic performance of this material has enabled the development of detectors with volumes exceeding 1 cm3 for use in the detection of nuclear materials. CdZnTe is also of great interest to the photon science community for applications in X-ray imaging cameras at synchrotron light sources and free electron lasers. Historically, spatial variations in the crystal properties and temporal instabilities under high-intensity irradiation has limited the use of CdZnTe detectors in these applications. Recently, Redlen Technologies have developed high-flux-capable CdZnTe material (HF-CdZnTe), which promises improved spatial and temporal stability. In this paper, the results of the characterization of 10 HF-CdZnTe detectors with dimensions of 20.35 mm × 20.45 mm × 2.00 mm are presented. Each sensor has 80 × 80 pixels on a 250-μm pitch and were flip-chip-bonded to the STFC HEXITEC ASIC. These devices show excellent spectroscopic performance at room temperature, with an average Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of 0.83 keV measured at 59.54 keV. The effect of tellurium inclusions in these devices was found to be negligible; however, some detectors did show significant concentrations of scratches and dislocation walls. An investigation of the detector stability over 12 h of continuous operation showed negligible changes in performance.

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“…The Fano-limited energy resolution (Δ E Fano ) is described by Equation (1):

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spectroscopic Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Uniformity of High-Flux CdZnTe Material

Veale

Booker

Cross

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…What affect these individual design changes have on detector performance cannot be accurately separated. However, Acrorad CdTe detectors have over recent years been used in a large number of studies, achieving good results [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Coupled with the HEXITEC ASIC, excellent Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) energy resolution for single pixel events (0.75 keV at 59.5 keV across all pixels) has been achieved as well as good pixel count uniformity [ 29 ].…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge Sharing and Charge Loss in High-Flux Capable Pixelated CdZnTe Detectors

Koch-Mehrin

Bugby

Lees

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) detectors are known to suffer from polarization effects under high photon flux due to poor hole transport in the crystal material. This has led to the development of a high-flux capable CdZnTe material (HF-CdZnTe). Detectors with the HF-CdZnTe material have shown promising results at mitigating the onset of the polarization phenomenon, likely linked to improved crystal quality and hole carrier transport. Better hole transport will have an impact on charge collection, particularly in pixelated detector designs and thick sensors (>1 mm). In this paper, the presence of charge sharing and the magnitude of charge loss were calculated for a 2 mm thick pixelated HF-CdZnTe detector with 250 μm pixel pitch and 25 μm pixel gaps, bonded to the STFC HEXITEC ASIC. Results are compared with a CdTe detector as a reference point and supported with simulations from a Monte-Carlo detector model. Charge sharing events showed minimal charge loss in the HF-CdZnTe, resulting in a spectral resolution of 1.63 ± 0.08 keV Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) for bipixel charge sharing events at 59.5 keV. Depth of interaction effects were shown to influence charge loss in shared events. The performance is discussed in relation to the improved hole transport of HF-CdZnTe and comparison with simulated results provided evidence of a uniform electric field.

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“…CCMod is designed to reproduce the response of most common configurations in medical applications composed of a scatterer and an absorber detectors working in time coincidence (Everett et al 1977). However, it can be adapted to accommodate other designs such as one single detector layer system that acts as scatterer and absorber at the same time (Lehner et al 2004, Mihailescu et al 2007, Maier et al 2018, Montémont et al 2017 frequently employed in homeland security applications.…”

Section: Compton Camera Modulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Monte Carlo simulations of emission tomography imaging systems with GATE

et al. 2021

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Built on top of the Geant4 toolkit, GATE is collaboratively developed for more than 15 years to design Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear-based imaging systems. It is, in particular, used by researchers and industrials to design, optimize, understand and create innovative emission tomography systems. In this paper, we reviewed the recent developments that have been proposed to simulate modern detectors and provide a comprehensive report on imaging systems that have been simulated and evaluated in GATE. Additionally, some methodological developments that are not specific for imaging but that can improve detector modeling and provide computation time gains, such as Variance Reduction Techniques and Artificial Intelligence integration, are described and discussed.

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Second generation of portable gamma camera based on Caliste CdTe hybrid technology

Cited by 20 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of the Uniformity of High-Flux CdZnTe Material

Characterization of the Uniformity of High-Flux CdZnTe Material

Charge Sharing and Charge Loss in High-Flux Capable Pixelated CdZnTe Detectors

Advanced Monte Carlo simulations of emission tomography imaging systems with GATE

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