Security in IoT-enabled smart agriculture: architecture, security solutions and challenges

Applications and Challenges of Smart Farming for Developing Sustainable Agriculture

“…Day by day, new publications on smart agriculture could be found in the scientific journals as presented in Table 1. Towards smart farming: fog-enabled intelligent irrigation system using deep neural networks Cordeiro et al (2022) Wireless sensor deployment scheme for cost-effective smart farming using the ABC-TEEM algorithm Dananjayan et al (2022) Smart farming technologies adoption and their factors which play a role in the digital transition Giua et al (2022) Classification and yield prediction in smart agriculture system using the IoT system Gupta and Nahar ( 2022 There are many IoT applications in the agricultural sector as follows: 1-Smart soil cultivation system to include preparing the soil for cultivation, weeding, ploughing, preparing of seedbeds and sowing, 2-Smart irrigation systems to be automatized to supply the required water irrigation requirements in a controlled manner, 3-Smart fertilizer systems through the automatized spraying of fertilizers to the field under control the quantity and quality of fertilizer as well as controlling the period of spraying, 4-Smart pest detection and control systems by monitoring and detecting the infestation of pests on cultivated crops using different techniques for controlling this infestation, 5-Smart livestock farming using smart technologies for breeding livestock, 6-Smart harvesting system using IoT-based techniques to reap the harvest of a field efficiently, 7-Smart farm management system by providing analytics and evaluation recording data to improve the productivity of cultivated crops in the field, and 8-Smart groundwater quality management system by monitoring and maintaining proper levels of groundwater for on the crop and livestock production (Vangala et al 2022).…”

“…Agricultural industry is considered a promising industry because several vital industries derive their raw materials from agriculture beside its contribution to the economy (Vangala et al 2022) (Vangala et al 2022). Based on the global water crisis, the management of smart agriculture in irrigation is very important as reported by many recent reports such as Cáceres et al ( 2021), Karmakar and Sarkar (2021), Liu et al (2022), andSami et al (2022).…”

“…Based on the global water crisis, the management of smart agriculture in irrigation is very important as reported by many recent reports such as Cáceres et al ( 2021), Karmakar and Sarkar (2021), Liu et al (2022), andSami et al (2022). Concerning the benefits of smart agriculture, there are several benefits that are achieved through smart agriculture including the following issues: 1-Increase production quantity by applying smart technologies in the agricultural sector, which can support the increased production, 2-Increase production quality by improving the quality of produced foods to be healthier, 3-Efficiency of agricultural process and usage of resources by using smart technologies during the regular agro-processes, which can improve the efficiency of execution of these agro-processes, 4-Optimal cultivation cost by using highly efficient processes to reduce the overall costs of cultivation, at the same time, with increasing the benefits of the obtained agro-outputs, 5-Reduction of wastages by reducing wastes of food and other intermediate resources in the agriculture sector, 6-Time efficiency by following smart agriculture due to its high capability for timing nearly all required agro-practices like application of fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals, which can produce with minimal losses, and 7-Eco-friendly agricultural processes by reducing the agricultural wastage, which will direct decrease the environmental carbon footprint (Vangala et al 2022). The proposed challenges in smart farming man be linked to the architecture of smart farming and its layers (Fig.…”

“…Many published articles have been issued on different challenges facing the smart farming as follows: 1-The challenges that face the few-shot learning in smart agriculture. These challenges may include (i) the current agricultural few-shot learning work is just only theoretical research, (ii) the lack of robustness of the trained model and cannot effectively identify the objects in the real scene, (iii) the images collected based on the natural environment will have uneven illumination due to lighting, weather and other reasons, (iv) increases in the difficulty of implementation of this technology, which needs to be adjusted to local conditions, (v) very few studies on applied few-shot learning in agriculture and plants, and (vi) few-shot learning itself is a challenge(Yang et al 2022), 2-The challenges related to security in IoT-enabled smart agriculture(Vangala et al 2022), 3-Challenges face the security and privacy issues in smart cities/industries (Rao and Deebak 2022), 4-Many challenges may face Internet of Things in smart agriculture including IoT standardization, IoT data, regulatory and market issues, security, reliability, scalability, localization, networking issue, and resource optimization (Sinha and Dhanalakshmi 2022), 5-Challenges of smart farming technologies, which may include AI for early disease detection, detection of leaf water stress in crops, the computational power of IoT devices used in smart farm, detection of soil conditions, livestock illness, and behavior pattern within the farm(Idoje et al 2021), and 6-. Many barriers and hurdles or challenges of smart farming have been reported based on the interview on different level including farmers level (too expensive investments, lack of technical education, technical systems not connected, difficulties understanding and acting on data, unpredictable consumer market, and lacking cybersecurity), companies (lacking cybersecurity, and data ownership is unclear), research institutes (research not matching market demand), and governmental authorities (unclear role in transition, and lacking cybersecurity)(Jerhamre et al 2022).…”

Climate‐smart agriculture using intelligent techniques, blockchain and Internet of Things: Concepts, challenges, and opportunities

“…In Reference 87, the authors provided a different literature review that contains the security goals for using blockchain technology in smart agriculture. The study also included a comparative analysis of schemes with advantages, drawbacks, application areas and detailed cost analysis.…”