Segmenting welding flaws of non-horizontal shape

Nanomechanical, mechanical and microstructural characterization of electron beam welded Al2219-T6 tempered aerospace grade alloy: A comprehensive study

“…Welding similar aluminum alloys is crucial in industries for achieving strong, lightweight, and durable joints, enhancing the performance and longevity of various applications while maintaining the material's inherent properties. However, the welding of Al 2219 remains challenging due to its susceptibility to hot cracking, porosity, and other weld-related defects [ [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] ].…”