Seismic imaging of complex geometry: Forward modeling of sandstone intrusions

Grippa, Antonio; Hurst, Andrew; Palladino, Giuseppe; Iacopini, David; Lecomte, Isabelle; Huuse, Mads

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.011

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…From published depth‐converted seismic reflection data, it can be inferred that values of Π 1 for forced folds above saucer‐shaped sand injectites (cf. Figure ) are generally larger than 1.5 and mostly range between 3 and 7 (Bureau et al, ; Duranti et al, ; Grippa et al, ; Jackson et al, ; Huuse et al, ; Hurst et al, ; Polteau et al, ). In our experiments, this ratio varies between 2 and 9 (see section ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our experimental results provide specific implications for interpreting structures and evolution of SI (cf. Grippa et al, 2019). During initial forced folding wing fractures start with relatively large aperture, which might be resolvable in seismic data (cf.…”

Section: Implication For Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This depth can be down to about 1,500 m (Cartwright, 2010;Jolly & Lonergan, 2002). High-resolution 3-D seismic data, mainly from the North Sea region and the Faroe-Shetland basin as well as outcrop studies, revealed that mainly two types of SI structures can be distinguished ( Figure 1a): Type 1 SI are remobilized sand intrusions branching off a depositional sand body (reservoir layer) through a network of hydraulic fractures (Briedis et al, 2007;Dixon et al, 1995;Duranti et al, 2002;Duranti & Mazzini, 2005;Duranti, 2007;Duranti & Hurst, 2004;Grippa et al, 2019;2007;Jackson, 2007;Jackson et al, 2011;Scott et al, 2009;Surlyk & Noe-Nygaard, 2003;Szarawarska et al, 2010;Vigorito & Hurst, 2010). The parent, typically mounded sand body is still concordant with stratification, whereas wing-like injectites evolve at the margins of such bodies resulting in the development of saucer-shaped structures ( Figures 1b-1d).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Formation of Forced Folds and Wing‐Like Sand Intrusions Driven by Pore Fluid Overpressure: Implications From 2‐D Experimental Modeling

2019

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Sand injections form by intrusion of overpressured, fluidized sand into surrounding low-permeable, fine-grained rocks. Modern 3-D seismic data revealed their abundant occurrence in many sedimentary basins and that their intrusion is typically associated with forced folding and tensile fractures of the sealing cover layer. In order to investigate the kinematic evolution of forced folds in relation to the associated propagation of fractures originating from an overpressured source layer, we performed idealized, quasi-2-D analog experiments. The models consist of noncohesive and cohesive granulates to mimic a sand reservoir and its overburden layer and injected air to produce fluid overpressure in the layered materials. Our results show that forced folding first induces tensile bending fractures at the base of the fold limbs at a certain critical fluid pressure. Due to further increase of the fluid pressure, the apex of these bending fractures serves as origin for branching, conical fractures characterized by shear and tensile failure. Fracture breakthrough is accompanied by a rapid uplift of the breached fold limb and a pressure drop in the reservoir layer followed by a continuous subsidence of the central forced fold. The morphology of the fracture pattern and the forced fold provides helpful implications for understanding formation processes of natural sand injections observed in seismic data and in outcrops.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implication For Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Formation of Forced Folds and Wing‐Like Sand Intrusions Driven by Pore Fluid Overpressure: Implications From 2‐D Experimental Modeling

2019

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“…There are three mechanisms for the formation of sand dikes and sand sills: hydraulic fracturing, lateral spreading and surface oscillation (Obermeier and Pond 1999). As liquefaction intensifies, the sand dikes and sand sill evolve into a large sand intrusive complex that can be tens of meters thick, extending up to thousands of square kilometers (Satur and Hurst 2007;Zhong et al 2018;Grippa et al 2019).…”

Section: Sand Dike and Sand Sillmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It includes sand dikes, sand veins, sand pillars, sand (mud) volcanoes (sand boils), sand tubes (sand pipes), sand blow, sandcusps, deformation folds, deformation lamination, load structure, dish structure, convolute bedding, diapirs, draw-in structure, pseudonodules and other water-escape structures (Lowe and LoPiccolo 1974;Lowe 1975Lowe , 1976Allen 1977Allen , 1982Owen 1987Owen , 1995Obermeier 1996;Rodríguez-Pascua et al 2000;Takahama et al 2000;Massari et al 2001;Tuttle 2001;Kholodov 2002;Lu et al 2006;Glennie and Hurst 2007;Moretti and Sabato 2007;Bonini 2009;Chen et al 2009;Gibert et al 2011;Ross et al 2011;Rowe 2013;Su et al 2014;Valente et al 2014;Yi et al 2015;Mazumder et al 2016;Oppo and Capozzi 2016;Ulvrova et al 2016;Du and Yu 2017;Hurst and Vigorito 2017;Zhong et al 2018). Liquefaction can even trigger a giant sand injection complex (Satur and Hurst 2007;Grippa et al 2019;Su et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction structures induced by the M5.7 earthquake on May 28, 2018 in Songyuan, Jilin Province, NE China and research implication

et al. 2020

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An earthquake of magnitude M5.7 occurred in Yamutu village, Songyuan City, Jilin Province, NE China (45°16′12″N/ 124°42′35″E) on May 28, 2018, with a focal depth of 13 km. The epicenter is located at the intersection of the Fuyu/ Songyuan-Zhaodong Fault, Second Songhua River Fault and Fuyu North Fault which lies northwest of Tancheng-Lujiang Fault (Tan-Lu Fault). The earthquake-induced widespread liquefaction structures and ground surface fissures within 3 km from the epicenter, caused serious disasters to the local surroundings. The visible liquefied structures include sand volcanoes, liquefied sand mounds, sand dikes and sand sills. Sand volcanoes can be divided into sand volcano with a crater, sand volcano without a crater and water volcano (no sand). Other soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) induced by the earthquake include deformation lamination, load and flame structures, deformation folds, dish structures, convolute bedding and water-escape structures. The formation process of the sand volcanoes comprises three stages: (1) building up excess pore-fluid pressure in the liquefied layer, (2) cracking of the low-permeable overlying layer, and (3) mixture of sand-water venting out of the ground surface. During the upward movement, the liquefied sand is injected into the low-permeable layer to form sand veins, sand sills and various types of deformation structures. Vertical distribution of seismic liquefaction structure can be divided into four zones: the thoroughly liquefied zone, the lower liquefied zone with SSDS, the upper liquefied zone with SSDS, and the ground surface liquefied zone. The liquefaction occurred at a burial depth of 2-5 m, and the thickness of liquefied sand is 2 m. NE-SW (35°-215°) trending compressive stress is possibly the seismogenic trigger of the Songyuan M5.7 earthquake that caused the fault (Fuyu/Songyuan-Zhaodong Fault) to reactivate. The study of the Songyuan seismic liquefaction structures gives insight into the prediction of modern earthquakes and disasterprone areas. Meanwhile it provides abundant basic material for studying earthquake-induced SSDS in both ancient and modern sediments. The research is obviously of great significance to reveal that the northern Tan-Lu Fault has entered a stage of active seismic activity since the twenty-first century.

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The diagenetic evolution of sand injectite outcrops in the mixing groundwater–seawater zone of Bahrah coastal plains, northern Kuwait Bay

Al-Hajeri

Amer²,

Najem³

et al. 2021

Arab J Geosci

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Seismic imaging of complex geometry: Forward modeling of sandstone intrusions

Cited by 35 publications

References 41 publications

The Formation of Forced Folds and Wing‐Like Sand Intrusions Driven by Pore Fluid Overpressure: Implications From 2‐D Experimental Modeling

The Formation of Forced Folds and Wing‐Like Sand Intrusions Driven by Pore Fluid Overpressure: Implications From 2‐D Experimental Modeling

Liquefaction structures induced by the M5.7 earthquake on May 28, 2018 in Songyuan, Jilin Province, NE China and research implication

The diagenetic evolution of sand injectite outcrops in the mixing groundwater–seawater zone of Bahrah coastal plains, northern Kuwait Bay

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