Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume

Wolfe, Cecily J.; Bjarnason, Ingi Þorleifur; VanDecar, J. C.; Solomon, Sean C.

doi:10.1038/385245a0

Cited by 472 publications

(353 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…These estimates are low compared to those of the excess temperature of the Galápagos plume itself (30-150 °C [Villagomez et al, 2007] 130±60 °C [Hooft et al, 2003]) or other mantle plumes (100-200 °C) [Wolfe et al, 1997;Allen et al, 1999;Wolfe et al, 2009;Putirka, 2012]. Thus one problem is to understand why the temperature anomaly apparently diminishes so quickly over the distance of only approximately 250 km between the hotspot center and the closest point of the Western GSC.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume‐Ridge Interaction

Ito

Bianco

2014

The Galápagos

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mentioning

confidence: 95%

Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume‐Ridge Interaction

Ito

Bianco

2014

The Galápagos

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“…The construction of the Iceland basalt plateau is by most considered to be the product of an interaction between a spreading plate boundary and a mantle plume (e.g. Vink, 1984;White et al, 1995;Bjarnason et al, 1996;Wolfe et al, 1997;Allen et al, 1999). The construction is thought to have begun about 24 million years ago (e.g.…”

Section: Geologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sigurdsson and Sparks, 1978;Björnsson et al, 1979;Brandsdóttir and Einarsson, 1979;Saemundsson, 1979;Björnsson, 1985;Einarsson, 1991). Jóhannesson and Saemundsson (1998 Wolfe et al (1997). Dotted line shows the northern limits of the East Volcanic Zone, whereas the hachured line indicates the boundary between the active and propagating rift segments of the zone.…”

Section: Volcanic Structures In Icelandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Thordarson

Larsen

2007

Journal of Geodynamics

510

454

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The large-scale volcanic lineaments in Iceland are an axial zone, which is delineated by the Reykjanes, West and North Volcanic Zones (RVZ, WVZ, NVZ) and the East Volcanic Zone (EVZ), which is growing in length by propagation to the southwest through pre-existing crust. These zones are connected across central Iceland by the Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB). Other volcanically active areas are the two intraplate belts ofÖraefajökull (ÖVB) and Snaefellsnes (SVB). The principal structure of the volcanic zones are the 30 volcanic systems, where 12 are comprised of a fissure swarm and a central volcano, 7 of a central volcano, 9 of a fissure swarm and a central domain, and 2 are typified by a central domain alone.Volcanism in Iceland is unusually diverse for an oceanic island because of special geological and climatological circumstances. It features nearly all volcano types and eruption styles known on Earth. The first order grouping of volcanoes is in accordance with recurrence of eruptions on the same vent system and is divided into central volcanoes (polygenetic) and basalt volcanoes (monogenetic). The basalt volcanoes are categorized further in accordance with vent geometry (circular or linear), type of vent accumulation, characteristic style of eruption and volcanic environment (i.e. subaerial, subglacial, submarine).Eruptions are broadly grouped into effusive eruptions where >95% of the erupted magma is lava, explosive eruptions if >95% of the erupted magma is tephra (volume calculated as dense rock equivalent, DRE), and mixed eruptions if the ratio of lava to tephra occupy the range in between these two end-members. Although basaltic volcanism dominates, the activity in historical time (i.e. last 11 centuries) features expulsion of basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite magmas that have produced effusive eruptions of Hawaiian and flood lava magnitudes, mixed eruptions featuring phases of Strombolian to Plinian intensities, and explosive phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptions spanning almost the entire intensity scale; from Surtseyan to Phreatoplinian in case of "wet" eruptions and Strombolian to Plinian in terms of "dry" eruptions. In historical time the magma volume extruded by individual eruptions ranges from ∼1 m 3 to ∼20 km 3 DRE, reflecting variable magma compositions, effusion rates and eruption durations.All together 205 eruptive events have been identified in historical time by detailed mapping and dating of events along with extensive research on documentation of eruptions in historical chronicles. Of these 205 events, 192 represent individual eruptions and 13 are classified as "Fires", which include two or more eruptions defining an episode of volcanic activity that lasts for months to years. Of the 159 eruptions verified by identification of their products 124 are explosive, effusive eruptions are 14 and mixed eruptions are 21. Eruptions listed as reported-only are 33. Eight of the Fires are predominantly effusive and the remaining five include explosive activity that produced extensive tephra layers...

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“…Kverkfjöll lies above the Icelandic mantle plume (Wolfe et al 1997;Sigvaldason et al 1974), and is situated within the northern volcanic zone (NVZ), which marks the mid-Atlantic plate boundary in north Iceland (Hjartardottir & Einarsson 2012). Eruptive Kverkfjöll eruptive products are generally basaltic (Oladottir et al 2011), and are typical of volcano -ice interaction, with lithologies dominated by pillow lava, hyaloclastite, and fine-grained tuffs .…”

Section: Kverkfjöllmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kverkfjöll lies above the Icelandic mantle plume (Wolfe et al 1997;Sigvaldason et al 1974), and is situated within the northern volcanic zone (NVZ), which marks the mid-Atlantic plate boundary in ). Kverkfjöll lies above the Icelandic mantle plume (Wolfe et al 1997;Sigvaldason et al 1974), and is situated within the northern volcanic zone (NVZ), which marks the mid-Atlantic plate boundary in north Iceland (Hjartardottir & Einarsson 2012).…”

Section: Kverkfjöllmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glaciovolcanic hydrothermal environments in Iceland and implications for their detection on Mars

Cousins

Crawford

Carrivick

et al. 2013

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Hydrothermal environments driven by volcanism are prime astrobiological targets on Mars, due to their ability to support and preserve microbial ecosystems. Volcano -ice interactions on On Earth, volcano -ice interactions produce many hydrothermal habitats available to microbial colonisation, and thus provide an analogue to past environments on Mars, where many landforms have been attributed to volcano -cryospheric interaction. However, Mars exploration urgently requires a framework for identifying such environments on a range of scales and with a range of geological criteria. In this paper rRemote sensing data were combined with sub-mm environmental mapping and sample analysis that included (X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, thin section petrography, scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive spectrometer analysis, and dissolved ion water chemistry,) to characterise samples from two areas of basaltic volcano -ice interaction: namely Askja and Kverkfjöll volcanoes in Iceland. Askja was erupted subglacially during the Pleistocene, and is now exposed within a volcanic desert. Kverkfjöll is a subglacial volcano beneath on the northern margin of Vatnajökull ice cap, and hosts active hydrothermal systems. NE-trending fissure swarm ridges extend between these two volcanic systems. Multiple Holocene glacial outburst (jökulhlaup) sedimentary deposits lie to the north of Kverkfjöll. Hydrothermal environments at Kverkfjöll were found to be predominantly acidic, with dissolved sulphate dominating the water chemistry. These hydrothermal environments vary across a small (<100 m) spatial scale, and include hot springs, anoxic pools, meltwater lakes, and sulphur-and iron-depositing fumaroles. Biomats, two in association with individual goethite and pyrite mineral terraces, were common at Kverkfjöll. In-situ and laboratory VNIR (440 -1000 nm) reflectance spectra representative of Mars rover multispectral imaging show spectral profiles to be influenced by Fe 2+/3+ -bearing minerals. Overall, sediments and lavas display two types of hydrothermal alteration: a low-temperature (<120°C) assemblage dominated by palagonite, sulfates, and iron oxides; and a high-temperature (>120°C) assemblage signified by heulandite and quartz. This Overall, this work provides a framework for identifying such environments during future exploration of Mars, given their high astrobiological potential, and Claire Cousins -BBK 14/08/12 3 provides a descriptive reference for the two prominent active hydrothermal environments at Kverkfjöllwhich can be used as analogues for those on Mars.

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Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume

Cited by 472 publications

References 26 publications

Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume‐Ridge Interaction

Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume‐Ridge Interaction

Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: Volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history

Glaciovolcanic hydrothermal environments in Iceland and implications for their detection on Mars

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