“…Using microwave measurement techniques, for example, extensive research has been done to develop non-contact and non-invasive monitoring of glucose concentration in blood and biological liquids in medicine 10 – 15 . In addition, microwave-based similar techniques have been developed and applied to determine electrolyte concentration in aqueous solutions such as NaCl, which play an essential role in living systems 16 – 18 , as well as chemical 19 , geological 20 , industrial processes 21 , and life science 22 , 23 . Biofluids such as blood, tears, sweat, urine, and saliva have been primary sources providing disease-specific biomarkers 24 , 25 .…”
In this study, a new optical method is presented to determine the concentrations of NaCl and glucose aqueous solutions by using a thermo-elastic optical indicator microscope. By measuring the microwave near-field distribution intensity, concentration changes of NaCl and glucose aqueous solutions were detected in the 0–100 mg/ml range, when exposed to microwave irradiation at 12 GHz frequency. Microwave near-field distribution intensity decreased as the NaCl or glucose concentration increased due to the changes of the absorption properties of aqueous solution. This method provides a novel approach for monitoring NaCl and glucose in biological liquids by using a CCD sensor capable of visualizing NaCl and glucose concentrations without scanning.
“…Using microwave measurement techniques, for example, extensive research has been done to develop non-contact and non-invasive monitoring of glucose concentration in blood and biological liquids in medicine 10 – 15 . In addition, microwave-based similar techniques have been developed and applied to determine electrolyte concentration in aqueous solutions such as NaCl, which play an essential role in living systems 16 – 18 , as well as chemical 19 , geological 20 , industrial processes 21 , and life science 22 , 23 . Biofluids such as blood, tears, sweat, urine, and saliva have been primary sources providing disease-specific biomarkers 24 , 25 .…”
In this study, a new optical method is presented to determine the concentrations of NaCl and glucose aqueous solutions by using a thermo-elastic optical indicator microscope. By measuring the microwave near-field distribution intensity, concentration changes of NaCl and glucose aqueous solutions were detected in the 0–100 mg/ml range, when exposed to microwave irradiation at 12 GHz frequency. Microwave near-field distribution intensity decreased as the NaCl or glucose concentration increased due to the changes of the absorption properties of aqueous solution. This method provides a novel approach for monitoring NaCl and glucose in biological liquids by using a CCD sensor capable of visualizing NaCl and glucose concentrations without scanning.
“…The type of electrolyte to be used has been investigated [35,36] alongside concentration [31,37], which have been shown to improve precision. However, these innovations, although effective in general ECM, are not so applicable to EJP.…”
a b s t r a c tElectrochemical jet processing techniques provide an efficient method for large area surface structuring and micro-milling, where the metallurgy of the near-surface is assured and not adversely affected by thermal loading. Here, doped electrolytes are specifically developed for jet techniques to exploit the Gaussian energy distribution as found in energy beam processes. This allows up to 26% reduction in dissolution kerf and enhancements of the defined precision metric of up to 284% when compared to standard electrolytes. This is achieved through the filtering of low energy at discrete points within the energy distribution curve. Two fundamental mechanisms of current filtering and refresh rate are proposed and investigated in order to underpin the performance enhancements found using this methodology. This study aims to demonstrate that a step change in process fidelity and flexibility can be achieved through optimisation of the electrochemistry specific to jet processes.
“…Based on its sustainable performance in terms of tremendous enhancement in MRR and deposition-free tool and high work surface integrity in micro-ECM of SS 304, the mixture of neutral salt and complexing agents are identified alternate electrolyte in ECM technology. 48 The electrolyte that contains 1.0 mol/L NaNO 3 and 0.01 mol/L sodium citrate (Na 3 Cit) is selected as optimal constituent based on the best quality hole obtained in SS304 with least deposition on electrode surface (see Figure 8). Figure 8.Quality of hole and electrode obtained in ECM of SS 304 under: (a) NaNO 3 + H 2 SO 4 ; (b) NaNO 3 + Na 3 Cit; (c) NaNO 3 + NaGlu.…”
Section: Nonconventional Machining and Sustainable Productionmentioning
Nonconventional or advanced machining processes such as electric discharge machining, electrochemical machining, abrasive water jet machining, and laser beam machining have been widely used as a viable alternate to the conventional processes to manufacture high-quality engineered parts having certain typical features. In spite of their special features, wider acceptance, and use, they suffer from certain inherent limitations with regard to sustainability such as high consumption of energy and resources; generation of toxic liquid, gases, and solid wastes; risk for health and safety; air pollution; generation of waste and its disposal problems; and workpiece contamination and thermal damage to the parts being produced. It is found that these factors all adversely affect the environment to a certain extent. Innovative sustainable techniques such as dry, near-dry, and green electric discharge machining; green and hybrid electrochemical machining; ice-jet machining; and eco- and underwater laser beam machining, etc. have been developed to address sustainability challenges and greatly benefited with improvements in quality, productivity, and sustainability. This review article first introduces four major nonconventional machining processes, discusses their inherent sustainability issues and challenges, and presents state-of-the-art review of the work conducted using sustainable innovative techniques and strategies with an aim to encourage academics, researchers, and engineers for research and developments in order to establish the field further. The literature review offered in this article is based on over 80 articles published from 1975 to 2017. Finally, the article ends up with concluding remarks and recommending possible avenues to stimulate future research.
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