Selection of Reference Genes in Evodia rutaecarpa var. officinalis and Expression Patterns of Genes Involved in Its Limonin Biosynthesis

Abstract

E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant known for its therapeutic effects, which encompass the promotion of digestion, the dispelling of cold, the alleviation of pain, and the exhibition of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The principal active component of this plant, limonin, is a potent triterpene compound with notable pharmacological activities. Despite its significance, the complete biosynthesis pathway of limonin in E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis remains incompletely understood, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. The main purpose of this study was to screen the reference genes suitable for expression analysis in E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis, calculate the expression patterns of the genes in the limonin biosynthesis pathway, and identify the relevant enzyme genes related to limonin biosynthesis. The reference genes play a pivotal role in establishing reliable reference standards for normalizing the gene expression data, thereby ensuring precision and credibility in the biological research outcomes. In order to identify the optimal reference genes and gene expression patterns across the diverse tissues (e.g., roots, stems, leaves, and flower buds) and developmental stages (i.e., 17 July, 24 August, 1 September, and 24 October) of E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis, LC-MS was used to analyze the limonin contents in distinct tissue samples and developmental stages, and qRT-PCR technology was employed to investigate the expression patterns of the ten reference genes and eighteen genes involved in limonin biosynthesis. Utilizing a comprehensive analysis that integrated three software tools (GeNorm ver. 3.5, NormFinder ver. 0.953 and BestKeeper ver. 1.0) and Delta Ct method alongside the RefFinder website, the best reference genes were selected. Through the research, we determined that Act1 and UBQ served as the preferred reference genes for normalizing gene expression during various fruit developmental stages, while Act1 and His3 were optimal for different tissues. Using Act1 and UBQ as the reference genes, and based on the different fruit developmental stages, qRT-PCR analysis was performed on the pathway genes selected from the “full-length transcriptome + expression profile + metabolome” data in the limonin biosynthesis pathway of E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis. The findings indicated that there were consistent expression patterns of HMGCR, SQE, and CYP450 with fluctuations in the limonin contents, suggesting their potential involvement in the limonin biosynthesis of E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis. This study lays the foundation for further research on the metabolic pathway of limonin in E. rutaecarpa var. officinalis and provides reliable reference genes for other researchers to use for conducting expression analyses.

Selection and Verification of Standardized Reference Genes of Angelica dahurica under Various Abiotic Stresses by Real-Time Quantitative PCR

“…Furthermore, the standard curves was determined with five distinct cDNA dilutions. The formula for calculating the PCR amplification efficiency (E) was E = [10 (−1/slope) − 1] × 100% [29]. Table 1 provides a list of all genespecific primer pairs designed for the RT-qPCR analysis.…”

Evaluation of Reference Genes for Normalizing RT-qPCR and Analysis of the Expression Patterns of WRKY1 Transcription Factor and Rhynchophylline Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Uncaria rhynchophylla

“…In Euodia rutaecarpa, the expression patterns of HMGCR, SQE, and CYP450 calculated by screened reference genes were consistent with the content of limonin, thus implying their potential involvement in the limonin biosynthesis of E. rutaecarpa. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of 15 genes involved in the terpenoid indole alkaloids pathway using stable reference genes, and three key enzyme genes were found to have strong correlations with the gelsenicine in Gelsemium elegans [13,14]. qRT-PCR has high sensitivity, high specificity, and simple operation [15].…”