Selective disturbance of pain sensitivity after social isolation

Laboratory environmental factors and pain behavior: the relevance of unknown unknowns to reproducibility and translation

“…For example, housing isolation and crowding can both affect animal welfare (e.g., ref. 37), and directly affect pain sensitivity [38][39][40][41][42][43] , and the effects of cage density might be sex-specific 44 . Housing enrichment using physical objects has been shown to ameliorate pain [45][46][47] .…”

Development and characterization of chronic animal models of schizophrenia

“…Subchronic ketamine treatment and subsequent social isolation in adult rats produces slight changes in pain sensitivity [93]. Our previous study demonstrated that juvenile isolation, but not ketamine treatment, attenuated responses evoked by acute heat stimuli; while the combination of the two manipulations did not result in a further increase in TF latency [88]. These interventions alone and in combination enhanced the antinociceptive effect of morphine.…”

“…certain combinations of the above mentioned models to investigate the hypothesis that these manipulations can enhance the reliability of the schizophrenia model [16,[86][87][88]. One of the most popular methods is the gene-enviromental interactions, including ventral hippocampal lesion with social isolation which produced an additive effect on locomotor activity and morphological changes in the prefrontal cortex and NAcc [89,90].…”

“…Neonatal immune activator, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI: C), treatment as an environmental factor in DISC1 transgenic mice results in a synergistic effect in the deficits of short-term memory after puberty, although polyI: C treatment or DN-DISC1 expression by itself has little influence on wild type mice [91]. The subchronic NMDA-receptor antagonist treatment together with social isolation in adult or juvenile rats induced several behavioral abnormalities, such as hyperresponsiveness to different stress situations, drugs and altered pain sensitivity [37,88,[92][93][94]. Importantly, combining the two manipulations did not produce detectable additive or synergistic effects on behavior, however, these animals showed more schizophrenia-like signs.…”

“…Data are available to suggest that juvenile isolation induces significant changes in pain sensitivity, which might be due, at least partially, to changes in the number and activity of opioid receptors; suggesting a high importance of housing conditions in schizophrenia models [34,40,88,93,94,[103][104][105][106]. Subchronic ketamine treatment and subsequent social isolation in adult rats produces slight changes in pain sensitivity [93].…”