Selective dysfunction of the crural diaphragm in patients with chronic restrictive and obstructive lung disease

Abstract

BackgroundGastroesophageal reflux (GER) is known to be associated with chronic lung diseases. The driving force of GER is the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated mainly by costal and crural diaphragm contraction. The latter also enhances the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressure to guard against GER.MethodsThe relationship between Pdi and EGJ pressure was determined using high resolution esophageal manometry in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD, n = 26), obstructive lung disease (OLD, n‐ = 24), and healthy subjects (n = 20).Key ResultsThe patient groups did not differ with respect to age, gender, BMI, and pulmonary rehabilitation history. Patients with ILD had significantly higher Pdi but lower EGJ pressures as compared to controls and OLD patients (p < 0.001). In control subjects, the increase in EGJ pressure at all‐time points during inspiration was greater than Pdi. In contrast, the EGJ pressure during inspiration was less than Pdi in 14 patients with ILD and 7 patients with OLD. The drop in EGJ pressure was usually seen after the peak Pdi in ILD group (p < 0.0001) and before the peak Pdi in OLD group, (p = 0.08). Nine patients in the ILD group had sliding hiatus hernia, compared to none in control subjects (p = 0.003) and two patients in the OLD, (p = 0.04).Conclusions and InferencesA higher Pdi and low EGJ pressure, and dissociation between Pdi and EGJ pressure temporal relationship suggests selective dysfunction of the crural diaphragm in patients with chronic lung diseases and may explain the higher prevalence of GERD in ILD as seen in previous studies.

Effects of Levosimendan on Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in Patients With Sepsis

“…As early as 2008, Hieronymus et al discovered that levosimendan augmented the contractility of diaphragm muscle fibers in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by elevating calcium sensitivity (42). In their animal experiments, Schellekens et al (26) observed that levosimendan exhibited a partial reduction in oxidative stress and a decrease in nitrosylated protein levels in mice with sepsis and mechanical ventilation.…”