Selective extraction of persistent organic pollutants from environmental matrices

Scott, Wanda C.; Dean, John R.

doi:10.1039/b305309a

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other researchers also used best solvent’s prediction tools such as the Hildebrand solubility parameters to learn about the optimal extraction solvent for organic compounds. Yet the predicted optimal solvents did often not perform best in practice, because Hildebrand parameters do not consider the influence of and interactions with the matrix and the analytes . For instance, Brandli et al found dichloromethane 100% and hexane/acetone (1:3, v/v) to better extract PAHs from compost than toluene, for which absolute recoveries were only around 30%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet the predicted optimal solvents did often not perform best in practice, because Hildebrand parameters do not consider the influence of and interactions with the matrix and the analytes. 16 For instance, Brandli et al 17 found dichloromethane 100% and hexane/acetone (1:3, v/v) to better extract PAHs from compost than toluene, for which absolute recoveries were only around 30%. Obviously, these solvents were more capable of interacting with compost, and acetone in particular is often used as a mediating solvent between rather unpolar solvents and more polar matrices.…”

Section: Journal Of Agricultural and Food Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Determination of PAHs in Biochar: A Prerequisite To Ensure Its Quality and Safe Application

Hilber

Blum

Leifeld

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

210

153

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Biochar is increasingly promoted as a beneficial soil conditioner. However, it may contain residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a result of its production by pyrolysis. To date, analytical methods to analyze PAHs in biochar quantitatively are hardly available. This study presents an optimized and validated procedure to quantify the 16 U.S. EPA PAHs in biochar. PAHs were best extracted with Soxhlet for 36 h using 100% toluene. Average absolute recoveries of isotope labeled internal standards used for each analyte from three different biochars ranged from 42% to 72%, and relative recoveries were between 71% and 105%. The limits of detection were biochar-dependent, but on average a factor of >50 lower than quantified PAH concentrations (9-355 mg kg(dry weight)(-1)). The established method prepares the ground for a harmonized protocol for PAH analysis of biochars, a necessity for biochar quality control, registration, and legislation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Journal Of Agricultural and Food Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Quantitative Determination of PAHs in Biochar: A Prerequisite To Ensure Its Quality and Safe Application

Hilber

Blum

Leifeld

et al. 2012

J. Agric. Food Chem.

210

153

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Approaches to assess the bioavailability of organic compounds are not as well defined as those for metals and a variety of approaches have been investigated including microbial degradation, [11][12][13] cyclodextrin extraction [14][15][16] and sequential extraction. [17][18][19] One similar approach for organic compounds, that has been used for metals, [7][8][9][10] is the in vitro gastrointestinal extraction procedure. In this case the in vitro gastrointestinal extraction procedure has been applied to assess the mobilisation of PAHs and PCBs into digestive fluids and to assess the bioavailability of these contaminants to humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants from contaminated soil

Scott

Dean

2005

J. Environ. Monit.

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A procedure to assess the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from soil samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the use of simulated in vitro gastrointestinal extraction to remove POPs from soil matrices. The level of recovery, using this approach, is assessed following liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and analysis by gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD). The remaining soil residue is then extracted using pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) followed by GC-MSD analysis to assess the residual fraction. The residual fraction is monitored to determine the unavailable fraction i.e. not available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. The procedure was applied to four soil samples i.e. an aged, spiked soil and three certified reference materials (CRMs) contaminated with POPs. Recoveries of pesticides (lindane, endosulfan I, endrin, DDE, DDD and endosulfan II), phenols (cresol, TCP and PCP), and base neutral compounds (hexachloroethane, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene and hexachlorobenzene) from aged, spiked soil following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 0.8 to 8.3% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 5.5 to 13.5%, irrespective of POP. Recoveries of pesticides (lindane, endosulfan I, endrin, DDE, DDD and endosulfan II) from CRM 805-050 following extraction with gastric fluid were below the limit of detection while following intestinal extraction ranged from 5.3 to 12.8%. Recoveries of phenols (cresol, TCP and PCP) from CRM 401-225 following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 1.6 to 2.0% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 4.1 to 5.4%. Recoveries of base neutral acid analytes (hexachloroethane, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene and hexachlorobenzene) from CRM 107-100 following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 1.4 to 4.0% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 6.6 to 12.7%. It has been found that the majority of POPs present i.e. >75%, would be excreted if consumed and not be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of humans.

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“…Previously determined optimal conditions for extraction of POP's from soil were employed. 26 A certified reference material was analysed by Soxhlet extraction and by PFE in order to assess the quantitative extraction of these compounds from soil. Pressurised fluid extraction uses a smaller amount of solvent than Soxhlet and provides quicker extractions.…”

Section: Extraction Of Pop's Compounds From Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake and bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants by plants grown in contaminated soil

et al. 2005

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This paper assesses the uptake of persistent organic pollutants (POP's) into plants. In particular, uptake of a-endosulfan, b-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate from lettuce. The lettuce plants were grown on compost that had previously been contaminated at 10 and 50 mg g À1 per POP. The soil was slurry spiked by adding the appropriate amount of POP in acetone in an approximate ratio of 1 : 2, w/v soil : solvent. The solvent was left to evaporate at ambient temperature for 24 hours. Lettuce plants were grown under artificial daylight for 12 hours a day. The influence of soil ageing on the recovery of POP's from spiked soil samples was also assessed. The average recovery of endosulfan compounds from slurry spiked soil (10, 20 and 40 mg g À1 ) was consistent (92.9 AE 4.4% for n ¼ 9). However, ageing of endosulfan compounds on the slurry spiked soil resulted in lower recoveries (average losses were 12.5% after 14 days ageing of slurry spiked soil). The uptake of POP's was assessed by measuring the amount of endosulfan compounds in roots and leaves from lettuce plants after 10, 20 and 33 days. In addition, control plants grown in uncontaminated soil were monitored and analysed. It was found that endosulfan compounds were present in the roots of all lettuce plants irrespective of soil spike level or age of plant. In the 33 day lettuce plants where the soil was spiked at the highest level (50 mg g À1 ) endosulfan compounds were determined in the leaves. The root to leaf ratio was found to be 3.1 for a-endosulfan, 46.0 for b-endosulfan, and 24.3 for endosulfan sulfate. Spiked lettuce samples were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal extraction to assess the bioavailability of endosulfan compounds. No detectable endosulfan compounds were determined in the gastric extracts while small quantities (range 0.06-0.12 mg g À1 ) were found in the intestinal extraction. All samples (soil and lettuce) were extracted using pressurised fluid extraction and analysed using gas chromatography with mass selective detection.

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Selective extraction of persistent organic pollutants from environmental matrices

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Quantitative Determination of PAHs in Biochar: A Prerequisite To Ensure Its Quality and Safe Application

Quantitative Determination of PAHs in Biochar: A Prerequisite To Ensure Its Quality and Safe Application

An assessment of the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants from contaminated soil

Uptake and bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants by plants grown in contaminated soil

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