Selective regimen shift and demographic growth increase associated with the emergence of high-fitness variants of canine parvovirus

Partial VP2 sequencing of canine parvovirus (CPV) strains circulating in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: detection of the new variant CPV-2c

“…Brazil resembles those seen in other countries due to a constant process of rapid antigenic-type replacement by more adaptaded strains and the evolution of viral strains over time (9,22,19).…”

“…Non-synonymous and synonymous mutations at residue 440 (nt 4104) have been described in CPV strains isolated from other countries, such as Italy (1), the United States (13,14), and Korea (18), and in two CPV-2a Brazilian strains collected in 1993 and 2002 (22).…”

A phylogenetic study of canine parvovirus type 2c in midwestern Brazil

“…From 1980 to the present, CPV-2a and 2b have been the most significant CPV variants circulating in the Southeast region of Brazil (Pereira et al 2007, Castro et al 2011). However, CPV-2c has been detected in epidemiological surveys conducted in South America (Pérez et al 2007) including Southern (Streck et al 2009) and Southeast region of Brazil (Castro et al 2010).…”

“…However, the VP2 changes Asn g His at residue 428, Gly g Ser at residue 452, Glu g Tyr at residue 574, Lys g Ile at residue 575 and Gln g Lys at residue 577, as well as other single nucleotide changes, have not been reported in any CPV-2c strain to date. According to Pereira et al (2007), Brazilian variants with a complete repertoire of mutations in the VP1/VP2 gene emerged only after the 1990s, when dogs were regularly vaccinated, and most of these mutations are consistent with a diversification process mediated by local adaptation.…”

Genetic Analysis of VP2 Gene of Canine Parvovirus Isolates in Korea

“…The 2 isolates in 2a-IV subcluster placed together with Italian isolates [20]. And the 6 isolates in 2a-V subcluster placed together with the isolates from the world [4,13,21,23]. The 2 isolates in 2b-I subcluster placed together with Japan [13].…”