Selective staining by vital dyes of Müller glial cells in retinal wholemounts

Uckermann, Ortrud; Iandiev, Ianors; Francke, Mike; Franze, Kristian; Grosche, Jens; Wolf, Sebastian; Kohen, Leon; Wiedemann, Peter; Reichenbach, Andreas; Bringmann, Andreas

doi:10.1002/glia.10305

Cited by 77 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…They were capable of selective uptake of vital dyes (Fig. 2 b-g) (20,21) and could be counterstained with an antibody directed against vimentin ( Fig. 2 f and g).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Müller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina

Franze

Grosche

Skatchkov

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Although biological cells are mostly transparent, they are phase objects that differ in shape and refractive index. Any image that is projected through layers of randomly oriented cells will normally be distorted by refraction, reflection, and scattering. Counterintuitively, the retina of the vertebrate eye is inverted with respect to its optical function and light must pass through several tissue layers before reaching the light-detecting photoreceptor cells. Here we report on the specific optical properties of glial cells present in the retina, which might contribute to optimize this apparently unfavorable situation. We investigated intact

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“…They were capable of selective uptake of vital dyes (Fig. 2 b-g) (20,21) and could be counterstained with an antibody directed against vimentin ( Fig. 2 f and g).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Müller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina

Franze

Grosche

Skatchkov

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

380

296

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“…All experiments were performed at room temperature (20 -23°C). Retinal slices or isolated cells were loaded with the vital dye Mitotracker Orange (10 M), which has been shown to stain somata of Müller glial cells selectively in the inner nuclear layer of retinal tissues (41). After an incubation time of 3 min, slices or cells were continuously perfused with extracellular solution at a flow rate of 2 ml/min, and recordings were made with an Achroplan 63ϫ/0.9 water im-mersion objective.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Immune Response in Mice Deficient for the G Protein-coupled Receptor GPR34

Liebscher¹,

Müller

Teupser

et al. 2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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103

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The X-chromosomal GPR34 gene encodes an orphan G i protein-coupled receptor that is highly conserved among vertebrates. To evaluate the physiological relevance of GPR34, we generated a GPR34-deficient mouse line. GPR34-deficient mice were vital, reproduced normally, and showed no gross abnormalities in anatomical, histological, laboratory chemistry, or behavioral investigations under standard housing. Because GPR34 is highly expressed in mononuclear cells of the immune system, mice were specifically tested for altered functions of these cell types. Following immunization with methylated BSA, the number of granulocytes and macrophages in spleens was significantly lower in GPR34-deficient mice as in wild-type mice. GPR34-deficient mice showed significantly increased paw swelling in the delayed type hypersensitivity test and higher pathogen burden in extrapulmonary tissues after pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans compared with wild-type mice. The findings in delayed type hypersensitivity and infection tests were accompanied by significantly different basal and stimulated TNF-␣, GM-CSF, and IFN-␥ levels in GPR34-deficient animals. Our data point toward a functional role of GPR34 in the cellular response to immunological challenges. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)2 form the largest gene family among transmembrane receptors, including more than 900 genes in humans and other mammals (1). A great number of stimuli, such as light, hormones, neurotransmitters, peptides, and nucleotides, activate the distinct receptors. Nonodorant receptors form about one-third of the GPCR repertoire. Although more than 200 non-odorant GPCR have been assigned to specific agonists and functions, about 155 socalled "orphan" GPCR (2) await identification of their physiological relevance. The importance of GPCR in controlling almost every physiological function makes this receptor family the most frequently used target for therapeutic drugs. Therefore, unveiling the function of orphan GPCR is a central issue in academic and industrial research.Among the five structurally different GPCR families (1, 3), the rhodopsin-like receptors form the largest in humans and other vertebrates. The rhodopsin-like family is divided further into subfamilies and groups. The P2Y 12 -like receptor group includes the ADP receptors P2Y 12 and P2Y 13 , the UDP-glucose receptor P2Y 14 , and the orphan receptors GPR87, GPR82, and GPR34 (4). Apart from the ADP receptor P2Y 12 , which has a central role in platelet aggregation and is the therapeutic target of clopidogrel (5, 6), very little is known about the function of the other members of this group.GPR34, an orphan receptor of the P2Y 12 -like receptor group, was first discovered by mining GenBank TM for novel GPCR sequences and homology cloning and has been assigned to the human X chromosome (7,8). Phylogenetic studies revealed that GPR34 has been highly conserved over the past 450 million years of vertebrate evolution, and no GPR34-deficient vertebrate has been identified yet (9). To date, there i...

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“…It has been shown that Mitotracker Orange is taken up selectively by Mü ller glial cells in the retina, whereas neurons remain unstained. 29 The dye was dissolved in extracellular solution that contained 136 mmol/L NaCl, 3 mmol/L KCl, 2 mmol/L CaCl 2 , 1 mmol/L MgCl 2 , 10 mmol/L HEPES-Tris, and 11 mmol/L glucose, pH 7.4. A gravity-fed system with multiple reservoirs was used to perfuse the recording chamber continuously with extracellular solutions; the hypotonic solution was added by fast changing of the perfusate.…”

Section: Mü Ller Cell Swellingmentioning

confidence: 99%