Selective versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle: A comparative analysis of efficacy, animal health, productivity, cost, and resistance management

Nicaretta, João Eduardo; Melo, Rubens Dias de; Naves, Raphaela Barbosa; Morais, Igor Maciel Lopes de; Salvador, Vanessa Ferreira; Leal, Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins; Teixeira, Ana Lúcia Coutinho; Ferreira, Lorena Lopes; Klafke, Guilherme Marcondes; Monteiro, Caio Márcio de Oliveira; Borges, Fernando de Almeida; Costa, Lívio Martins; Rodrigues, Daniel Sobreira; Lopes, Welber Daniel Zanetti

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109999

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…For the FLU group, FLU was applied on day 0 of the study, when the infestation by R. microplus was low (mean 0.1/ tick/animal). The animals were retreated with the FLU formulation only when ticks < 4 mm were observed on ≥ 30% (9/30) of the animals in this group, following the method described by Nicaretta et al [ 3 , 4 ]. The animals in the FIFLUA group were retreated with the formulation containing fluralaner only when ticks < 4 mm were observed on ≥ 30% (5/15) of the animals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For both groups, R. microplus females (length: 4.5–8 mm) present on the left side of each animal were counted on study days 7, 14, 21 and 28 (D+7, D+14, D+21, D+28, respectively) and then weekly until study day 140 (D+140), in addition to study days 154 and 175 (D+154 and D+175, respectively), according to the method adapted (without multiplying by 2) from Wharton and Utech [ 23 ]. At these same time points, the number of animals per group with ticks ≤ 4 mm in length between the legs was quantified [ 3 , 10 ], registered as present or absent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To mitigate TF in areas where the disease is endemic, veterinarians and producers implement control strategies against R. microplus ticks [ 2 – 4 ]. Although the search for alternative methods to control this tick species is constantly evolving [ 3 – 7 ], the use of synthetic chemicals currently remains the most effective strategy [ 8 – 11 ]. However, constant and intensive use of synthetic acaricides can decrease the efficacy of these chemicals due to resistance selection [ 12 – 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzootic stability of tick fever in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region, subjected to strategic cattle tick control with fluralaner

Zapa,

de Aquino,

Couto

et al. 2024

Parasites Vectors

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Background In 2022, fluralaner was launched on the market for use in the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus after showing 100% efficacy in registration trials against the causative agents of cattle tick fever (TFAs). The aim of the present study was to determine whether a strategic control regimen against R. microplus using fluralaner (FLU) in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region would alter the enzootic stability status of cattle tick fever, triggering outbreaks in these animals up to 22 months age. Methods In this study, a group of calves treated with FLU was compared with a control group treated with the regimen currently being used on the farm, which consisted of the fipronil + fluazuron formulation (FIFLUA). In the first experiment, the efficacy of the FIFLUA pour-on formulation was evaluated in a field study. In the second experiment, which lasted 550 days, two experimental groups (n = 30/group) of Holstein calves naturally infested with R. microplus were analyzed. Calves aged 4 to 10 months received either a specific treatment regimen with FLU (experimental group) or FIFLUA (control group). During this period, tick counts, animal weight measurement, feces collection (to determine eggs and oocysts per gram of feces), tick fever monitoring, blood smears (to ascertain enzootic stability of the herd), PCR testing for TFAs and serology (indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [iELISA]) were performed. All calves were evaluated for signs of tick fever between ages 11 and 22 months. Results FIFLUA showed an acaricidal efficacy of > 90% from post-treatment days 14 to 35. Regarding treatments against the TFAs, the average number of treatments was similar between groups, but animals treated with FLU had a smaller reduction in packed cell volume on some of the evaluation dates of the second and third treatment against TFAs. In calves aged 10 months in the FLU group, B. bovis was not detected by PCR (0/15 samples), 40% of the samples had antibody titers and 33% (10/30) of the samples had positive blood smears. Regarding B. bigemina, > 86% of the samples in both groups tested positive for B. bigemina DNA and antibodies; there was no difference in the antibody titers between the groups. There were no clinical cases of cattle tick fever in calves aged 11 to 22 months. Conclusions In comparison with the control treatment, the strategic control regimen against R. microplus with FLU that was implemented in the present study did not negatively affect the enzootic stability status of A. marginale and B. bigemina in the herd up to 22 months of age. The enzootic stability status of B. bovis was not reached by either group. These results likely represent a characteristic of the local tick population, so further studies should be performed. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzootic stability of tick fever in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region, subjected to strategic cattle tick control with fluralaner

Zapa,

de Aquino,

Couto

et al. 2024

Parasites Vectors

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“…Although they are not specifically indicated for horses, their inclusion was justified by the direct coexistence between capybaras and cattle in the experimental farm, where exposure to these acaricides occurs [17][18][19]. Indeed, acaricides, such as chlorpyrifos + high-cis cypermethrin, flumethrin, and chlorpyrifos + ethion + alpha-cypermethrin, have long been used to control R. microplus on dairy cattle in the experimental farm [17][18][19]25,26]. The selection of these acaricides was also relevant for comparison with a previous study conducted in Goiás [16].…”

Section: Acaricides and Lethal Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, for acaricide combinations, the LC values were calculated using percentages of commercial acaricide. An initial concentration of 100% as indicated on the package leaflet was considered the reference point for these calculations [25].…”

Section: Acaricides and Lethal Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Amblyomma sculptum, Vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, Ticks from a National Park and an Experimental Farm to Different Synthetic Acaricides

Cardoso,

Carvalho,

Dias

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Amblyomma sculptum is a relevant tick species from a One Health perspective, playing an important role as a vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the main agent of spotted fever rickettsiosis in Brazil. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of two A. sculptum populations from Goiás state (midwestern Brazil) to different acaricides. The first tick population (GYN strain) originated from an experimental farm, where the ticks are annually exposed to acaricides. The second (PNE strain) was collected in a national park (Emas National Park), where the ticks had not been exposed to acaricides. Immersion tests were conducted with 21-day-old laboratory-reared larvae and nymphs originating from adult ticks collected in the areas mentioned above. The chosen acaricides were two synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin), one organophosphate (chlorfenvinphos), one formamidine (amitraz), and two combinations of pyrethroids and organophosphates (cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and citronellal; cypermethrin, fenthion and chlorpyrifos). Mortality data were used to determine the lethal concentration (LC) values at which 50%, 90%, and 99% of the ticks died (LC50, LC90, and LC99, respectively), and resistance ratios (RR) were calculated based on the LC values. The RR revealed differences between the acaricide-exposed (GYN) and unexposed (PNE) tick strains. The PNE strain larvae and nymphs were susceptible to all the tested acaricides. The GYN strain larvae were tolerant to cypermethrin, whereas the nymphs were tolerant to deltamethrin, chlorfenvinphos, and the combination of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronellal (2 < RR ≤ 10). The GYN strain nymphs were resistant to amitraz (RR > 10). This is the first report of A. sculptum nymphs with resistance to amitraz and tolerance to deltamethrin, chlorfenvinphos, and the combination of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronellal.

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What is the optimal timing to initiate strategic control of Rhipicephalus microplus in taurine cattle in a tropical region?

Leal,

Ferreira,

de Morais

et al. 2024

Exp Appl Acarol

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Selective versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle: A comparative analysis of efficacy, animal health, productivity, cost, and resistance management

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

Enzootic stability of tick fever in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region, subjected to strategic cattle tick control with fluralaner

Enzootic stability of tick fever in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region, subjected to strategic cattle tick control with fluralaner

Susceptibility of Amblyomma sculptum, Vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, Ticks from a National Park and an Experimental Farm to Different Synthetic Acaricides

What is the optimal timing to initiate strategic control of Rhipicephalus microplus in taurine cattle in a tropical region?

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